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Asia and the Pacific
1945 – Present
Section 1
Communist China
Section 2
Independent States in Asia
Section 3
Japan and the Pacific
MAKING CONNECTIONS
How can modernization affect
a society?
The rapid modernization of China has created a nation that blends
the old with the new. An example can be seen in Hong Kong where
traditional Chinese junks can be seen in the harbor of this modern
city. In this chapter you will learn how China has emerged into the
modern world.
• How has modernization affected the standard of living of the
Chinese people?
• Give an example of an aspect of American culture that is a
legacy of past traditions.
1966
1973
President Nixon
signs cease-fire
agreement with
North Vietnam
A
SIA AND
THE
P
ACIFIC
T
HE
W
ORLD
1010
Bettmann/CORBIS, Michael Von Ruber/Imagestate
1951
Japan’s independence
is restored after
World War II
Mao Zedong
launches
Cultural
Revolution
1945
1965
1957
Ghana gains independence
from Britain
1977
Apple II computer
is introduced
Japan
South
Korea
Taiwan
Singapore
and
Hong Kong
1989
Tiananmen Square
massacre
2002
Fighting over Kashmir
escalates between India
and Pakistan
1985
2000
Describing
Make
Asian Tigers
a Four-Tab Book to
track the developments in Japan,
South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore,
and Hong Kong. Under each tab, list
important leaders and domestic and
international events.
2003
Iraqi leader Saddam
Hussein is captured
Chapter Overview—Visit
glencoe.com
to preview Chapter 31.
Michael Von Ruber/Imagestate, Francoise Demulder/CORBIS
Communist China
GUIDE TO READING
The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values
The poli-
cies of the Chinese Communist government set up
in 1949 failed to bring prosperity. Since the 1980s,
its economy has moved toward free enterprise, but
political freedom is still very limited.
To build his socialist society in China, Mao Zedong launched
the Great Leap Forward and the Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution. Neither program was especially successful. In
modernizing China, leaders after Mao have built their nation
into one of the most powerful countries in Asia.
Mao’s China
Mao Zedong led the Communists to victory in the civil war, but the
human and economic costs of establishing communism were high.
Content Vocabulary
• communes
(p. 1013)
• permanent revolution
(p. 1014)
• per capita
(p. 1014)
• one-child policy
(p. 1016)
HISTORY & YOU
Do you remember what you read earlier about Russia’s trans-
formation under Lenin? Read to learn how Mao Zedong transformed China after
he took power in 1949.
Academic Vocabulary
• final
(p. 1013)
• source
(p. 1014)
People, Places, and Events
• Red Guards
(p. 1014)
• Chiang Kai-shek
(p. 1012)
• Deng Xiaoping
(p. 1014)
• Mao Zedong
(p. 1012)
• Tiananmen Square
• Taiwan
(p. 1012)
(p. 1015)
• Great Leap Forward
• South Korea
(p. 1017)
(p. 1012)
• North Korea
(p. 1017)
• Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution
• Richard Nixon
(p. 1017)
(p. 1014)
•
Little Red Book (p. 1014)
By 1945, there were two Chinese governments. The Nationalist
government of
Chiang Kai-shek,
based in southern and central
China, was supported by the United States. The Communist gov-
ernment, led by
Mao Zedong,
had its base in northern China.
Civil War and Its Aftermath
In 1945 a full-scale civil war broke out between the Nationalists
and the Communists. In the countryside, promises of land attracted
millions of peasants to the Communist Party. Many joined Mao’s
People’s Liberation Army. By the spring of 1949, the People’s Lib-
eration Army had defeated the Nationalists. Chiang Kai-shek and
two million followers fled to the island of
Taiwan.
The Communist Party, under the leadership of its chairman,
Mao Zedong, now ruled China. In 1955 the Chinese government
launched a program to build a socialist society. To win the support
of the peasants, lands were taken from wealthy landlords and
given to poor peasants. About two-thirds of the peasant house-
holds in China received land under the new program. Most pri-
vate farmland was collectivized, and most industry and commerce
was nationalized.
Chinese leaders hoped that collective farms would increase
food production, allowing more people to work in industry. Food
production, however, did not grow. Meanwhile, China’s vast pop-
ulation continued to expand. By 1957, China had approximately
657 million people.
Reading Strategy
Determining Cause and Effect
As
you read, use a chart like the one below to list com-
munism’s effects on China’s international affairs.
Effects
Communism
The Great Leap Forward
To speed up economic growth, Mao began a more radical pro-
gram, known as the
Great Leap Forward,
in 1958. Under this
1012
CHINA SINCE 1945
1949:
Communists defeat Nationalists, who flee to
Taiwan and establish Republic of China; Mao Zedong
proclaims People’s Republic of China on the mainland
1960:
After millions die from
1976:
Mao Zedong
poor planning and poor harvests, dies; Deng Xiaoping
the Great Leap Forward ends
succeeds him
1989:
Tiananmen
Square protests
violently suppressed
1999:
China takes
control of Macao
from Portugal
1945
1945:
Civil war
between Nationalists
and Communists begins
1955
1965
1958:
The Great Leap
Forward program of
reforms begins
1975
1985
1985
1978:
Official launch of
the Four Modernizations
1995
1997:
China regains
control of Hong Kong
from Great Britain
1966:
Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution begins
40°
N
S OV IET
U N IO N
80°E
100°E
120°E
MONGOLIA
XINJIANG
INNER
MONGOLIA
E
S
MANCHURIA
Beijing
NORTH
KOREA
Sea of
Japan
(East Sea)
JAPAN
140°E
N
W
Yellow
Sea
SOUTH
KOREA
Xi’an
TIBET
PAKISTAN
20°
N
CHINA
Nanjing
Hefei
Wuhan
Shanghai
East
China
Sea
ER
ANC
OF
C
OPIC
INDIA
NEPAL
SIKKIM
BHUTAN
Chongqing
BANGLADESH
0
0
1000 kilometers
1000 miles
Kunming
BURMA
(MYANMAR)
Taipei
Guangzhou
Taiwan
Hong Kong
TR
Two-Point Equidistant projection
LAOS
THAILAND
CAMBODIA
Shenzhen
Hainan
VIETNAM
PACIFIC
OCEAN
1.
Location
Use the map’s scale to
determine the approximate distance
from Taiwan to mainland China.
2.
Analyzing Visuals
According to the
time line, how many years was Mao
Zedong China’s leader?
Pro-democracy student demonstrations, 1986
Site of fighting involving Red Guards, 1966–1969
People’s Republic of China (Communist)
Republic of China (Nationalist)
Main areas of Red Guard activity
program, over 700,000 existing collective
farms, normally the size of a village, were
combined into 26,000 vast
communes.
Each commune contained more than 30,000
people who lived and worked together.
Since they had communal child care, more
than 500,000 Chinese mothers worked
beside their husbands in the fields by
mid-1958.
Mao hoped his Great Leap Forward pro-
gram would enable China to reach the
final
stage of communism—the classless
society—before the end of the twentieth
century. The government’s official slogan
promised the following to the Chinese
people: “Hard work for a few years, happi-
ness for a thousand.”
Despite such slogans, the Great Leap For-
ward was an economic disaster. Bad
weather, which resulted in droughts and
floods, and the peasants’ hatred of the new
system drove food production down. As a
result, nearly 15 million people died of star-
vation. In 1960 the government began to
break up the communes and return to col-
lective farms and some private plots.
CHAPTER 31 Asia and the Pacific
1013
The Cultural Revolution
Despite opposition within the Commu-
nist Party and the commune failure, Mao
still dreamed of a classless society. In Mao’s
eyes, only
permanent revolution,
an atmo-
sphere of constant revolutionary fervor,
could enable the Chinese to achieve the
final stage of communism.
In 1966 Mao launched the
Great
Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
The Chi-
nese name literally meant “great revolu-
tion to create a proletarian (working class)
culture.” A collection of Mao’s thoughts,
called the
Little Red Book,
became a sort
of bible for the Chinese Communists. It
was hailed as the most important
source
of
knowledge in all areas. The book was in
every hotel, in every school, and in facto-
ries, communes, and universities. Few
people conversed without first referring to
the
Little Red Book.
To further the Cultural Revolution, the
Red Guards
were formed. These were rev-
olutionary groups composed largely of
young people. Red Guards set out across
the nation to eliminate the “Four Olds”—
old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old
habits. The Red Guard destroyed temples,
books written by foreigners, and foreign
music. They tore down street signs and
replaced them with ones carrying revolu-
tionary names. The city of Shanghai even
ordered that red (the revolutionary color)
traffic lights would indicate that traffic
could move, not stop.
Vicious attacks were made on individuals
who had supposedly deviated from Mao’s
plan. Intellectuals and artists accused of
being pro-Western were especially open to
attack. One such person, Nien Cheng,
worked for the British-owned Shell Oil
Company in Shanghai. She was imprisoned
for seven years. She told of her experience
in
Life and Death in Shanghai.
Key groups, however, including Com-
munist Party members and many military
officers, did not share Mao’s desire for per-
manent revolution. People, disgusted by
the actions of the Red Guards, began to
turn against the movement.
Explaining
Why was the Great
Leap Forward an economic disaster for China?
1014
SECTION 1
Communist China
China After Mao
After Mao’s death, Deng Xiaoping
tried to modernize the nation but faced increased
pressures for democratic reform.
HISTORY & YOU
If you participated in a protest,
would you be risking your life to do so? Read about
the risks of public protest in China.
In September 1976, Mao Zedong died at
the age of 82. A group of practical-minded
reformers, led by
Deng Xiaoping
(DUHNG
SHYOW•PIHNG), seized power and
brought the Cultural Revolution to an end.
Policies of Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping called for Four Moderniza-
tions—new policies in industry, agriculture,
technology, and national defense. For over
20 years, China had been isolated from the
technological advances taking place else-
where in the world. To make up for lost time,
the government invited foreign investors to
China. The government also sent thousands
of students abroad to study science, technol-
ogy, and modern business techniques.
A new agricultural policy was begun.
Collective farms could now lease land to
peasant families who paid rent to the col-
lective. Anything produced on the land
above the amount of that payment could
be sold on the private market. Peasants
were also allowed to make goods they
could sell to others.
Overall, modernization worked. Indus-
trial output skyrocketed.
Per capita
(per
person) income, including farm income,
doubled during the 1980s. The standard of
living rose for most people. The average
Chinese citizen in the early 1980s had barely
earned enough to buy a bicycle, radio, or
watch. By the 1990s, many were buying
refrigerators and color television sets.
ONLINE
Student Web
Activity—
Visit
glencoe.com
to
learn to create, modify,
and use spreadsheets
and complete an
activity on China’s
Four Modernizations.
History
Movement for Democracy
Despite these achievements, many people
complained that Deng Xiaoping’s program
had not achieved a fifth modernization—
democracy. People could not directly criti-
cize the Communist Party. Those who called
for democracy were often sentenced to long
terms in prison.
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