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Customs and traditions

Words and phrases

2.1 custom

/"kVst@m/ (n)

accepted way of behaving or

of doing things in a society or

community

◆

In many countries

it’s a custom to give presents on

someone’s birthday.

customary

(adj), customarily (adv)

2.8 involve

/In"vQlv/ (v)

When an event or activity

involves

sth

it means that sth is a necessary

or important part of it.

◆

When

Doug agreed to help Rob move

house, he hadn’t imagined that it

would involve carrying a piano up

two flights of stairs.

involvement

(n)

2.15 rampart

/"r&mpA:t/ (n)

high, wide, wall of stone with a

path on top, built around a town

or castle to defend it

2.16 jester

/"dZest@(r)/ (n)

in the past, a man employed by

kings and queens to amuse people

by telling jokes and stories; now,

a person who acts this part at

special events, often wearing very

brightly-coloured clothes jest (n,

v), in jest (phr)

2.2 tradition

/tr@"dISn/ (n)

a belief or way of doing sth that

has existed for a long time among

a particular group of people

◆

There is a long tradition in the

British Royal family of following

a military career.

traditionalism

(n), traditionalist (n), traditional

(adj), traditionally (adv)

2.9 origin

/"Qr@dZIn/ (n)

the beginning or background

of sth

◆

Margaret Thatcher rose

from humble origins as a grocerís

daughter to become the British

Prime Minister.

originate (v),

original (adj), originally (adv)

2.17 toss

/tQs/ (v)

throw lightly or carelessly

toss (n)

2.18 scramble

/"skr&mbl/ (v)

to push, fight or compete with

others in order to get or reach sth.

◆

When the fire alarm went off,

everyone scrambled madly for the

exits.

scramble (n)

2.10 rodent

/"r@Ud@nt/ (n)

Lead in

2.3 breed

/bri:d/ (v)

keep animals in order to produce

young ones in a controlled way

◆

South Lakes Wildlife Park has

recently acquired two young adult

tigers which they hope to breed.

breed (n)

Also: reproduce.

an animal belonging to the group

of small mammals with sharp front

teeth that grow constantly, e.g. a

mouse or rat

2.11 nuisance

/"nju:s@ns/ (n)

thing, person or situation that is

annoying

◆

What a nuisance! The

shop’s shut already and I needed

some milk.

2.19 impromptu

/Im"prQmptju:/ (adj)

done without preparation or

planning

2.4 annual

/"&nju@l/ (adj)

happening once every year

annually (adv)

2.12 get rid of

/%get "rId @v/ (phr v)

make yourself free of sb/sth that

you don’t want or that is annoying

◆

Sam chats for ages when he calls

and sometimes I have to find a

polite way of getting rid of him.

2.20 passer-by

/%pA:s@ "baI/ (n)

person who is going past by chance

while sth (often unexpected) is

happening

2.5 festival

/"festIvl/ (n)

day or period when people start

working to celebrate sth

festivities (n pl) festive (adj)

2.21 fiesta

/fi"est@/ (n)

public event where people

celebrate, usually connected with

a religious festival in Spanish-

speaking countries (though La

Tomatina is not a religious fiesta)

2.13 enhance

/In"hA:ns/ (v)

increase or improve the quality of

sth enhancement (n), enhanced

(adj)

2.6 celebration

/%selI"breISn/ (n)

special event organised because sth

pleasant has happened celebrate

(v)

2.14 float

/fl@Ut/ (n)

large vehicle, sometimes decorated,

on which people dressed in

costumes or displays are carried in

a festival

2.22 combatant

/"kQmb@t@nt/ (n)

person (also group or country)

involved in fighting a battle

combat (n, v)

2.7 take place

/%teIk "pleIs/ (phr v)

happen, esp. because sth is

arranged or planned

CAE Result © Oxford University Press

2.23 alliance

/@"laI@ns/ (n)

group of people who work together

to achieve sth that they all want,

esp. in a situation of conflict or

where others hold different views

ally (n, v), allied (adj)

2.34 debris

/"debri:/ (n)

pieces of material that are left after

sth has been destroyed, or rubbish

left behind

◆

It was a fantastic

party, but I’m exhausted now. Let’s

clear up the debris in the morning.

2.44 head

/hed/ (v)

to move in a particular direction

◆

I don’t like the look of those

black clouds. Let’s head for home

before it pours with rain.

2.45 dune

/dju:n/ (n)

hill of sand formed by the wind,

either in the desert or by the sea

2.24 squash

/skwQS/ (v)

press sth so that it becomes soft,

damaged or flat squashy (adj)

2.35 date back (to)

/"deIt %b&k/ (phr v)

starting or coming into existence at

a certain time in the past

2.46 jeep

/dZi:p/ (n)

strong vehicle used for driving over

rough ground, esp. by the army

2.25 ammunition

/%&mju"nISn/ (n)

supply of sth that you use to throw

at sb,

usually

bullets, shells etc. to

be fired from guns or tanks

2.36 parade

/p@"reId/ (n)

public procession, usually with

music bands and floats (see 2.14)

parade (v)

2.47 diesel

/"di:zl/ (n)

type of heavy oil used as a fuel

instead of petrol

2.26 accompaniment

/@"kVmp@nIm@nt/ (n)

sth that happens at the same

time as sth else and provides

a background to it, esp. music

or noise accompanist (n),

accompany (v)

2.37 crush

/krVS/ (v)

press or squeeze sth so hard that it

loses its shape or is destroyed

crush (n)

2.48 sweep (sb) up

/%swi:p "Vp/ (phr v)

make sb very interested or involved

in sth in a way that makes them

forget everything else

Usually

used in the passive

be/get swept up

in sth.

Can also have a more literal

meaning of being physically moved:

swept up by the crowd and carried

along.

2.38 mess

/mes/ (n)

dirty or untidy state messy (adj),

mess (sth) up (phr v)

2.27 cheer

/tSI@(r)/ (v)

shout loudly giving support or

praise cheer (n), cheer sb on

(phr v)

Reading

Festival in the desert

2.39 remote

/rI"m@Ut/ (adj)

far away from places where other

people live remoteness (n),

remotely (adv)

2.28 hostilities

/hQ"stIl@tiz/ (n pl)

acts of fighting in a war hostility

(n), hostile (adj)

Hostility

unfriendly or aggressive behaviour

but the plural noun is used

specifically in the context of war.

2.49 anticipation

/&n%tIsI"peISn/ (n)

feeling of excitement about sth that

is going to happen (usu. sth good)

anticipate (v), anticipatory (adj)

2.50 nomadic

/n@U"m&dIk/ (adj)

travelling from place to place

without having a permanent home

nomad (n)

2.29 commence

/k@"mens/ (v)

begin (more formal)

commencement (n),

2.40 vast

/vA:st/ (adj)

extremely large in area, size,

amount, etc. vastness (n), vastly

(adv)

2.30 slimy

/"slaImi/ (adj)

made of or covered in any

unpleasant thick wet substance

slime (n)

2.51 get-together

/"get t@%geD@(r)/ (n)

informal party or meeting

2.41 expanse

/Ik"sp&ns/ (n)

wide, open area of sth, esp. land,

desert or water expand (v),

expansive (adj), expansively (adv)

2.52 beat a path

/%bi:t @ "pA:T/ (idm)

go in the same direction as

everybody else

2.31 mush

/mVS/ (n)

soft, thick mass or mixture, usu.

when sth is unpleasant mushy

(adj)

2.42 venture

/"ventS@(r)/ (v)

go somewhere even though

you know that it is going to be

dangerous or unpleasant venture

(n)

2.53 scrub

/skrVb/ (n)

dry land covered with small

bushes and trees

2.32 extra

/"ekstr@/ (n)

person employed to play a very

small part in a film, usu. as a

member of a crowd

2.54 charcoal

/"tSA:k@Ul/ (n)

black substance used as a fuel

which is made by burning wood

slowly without much air

2.43 technician

/tek"nISn/ (n)

person whose job involves skilled

work with particular equipment

technical (adj), technically (adv)

2.33 rinse

/rIns/ (v)

wash sth with clean water only,

not soap rinse (n)

2.55 brazier

/"breIzi@(r)/ (n)

large metal container that holds

a fire and is used to keep people

warm when they are outside

CAE Result © Oxford University Press

2.56 calabash

/"k&l@b&S/ (n)

musical instrument made from the

hard covering of the calabash, a

large tropical fruit

2.66 the odd

/(Di) "Qd/ (adj)

occasional, not very frequent

or important

◆

I’m not really a

cinema fan, but I go to see the odd

film if it looks interesting.

2.77 universal

/%ju:nI"v3:sl/ (adj)

done by or involving all the people

in the world or a particular group

universe (n), universally (adv)

2.57 lute

/lu:t/ (n)

musical instrument played like a

guitar

2.67 sponsorship

/"spQns@SIp/ (n)

financial support from a sponsor

(a person or business who helps

by giving money) sponsor (n, v)

2.78 commercialism

/k@"m3:S@lIz@m/ (n)

fact of being more interested in

making money than in the value,

quality or real meaning of things

◆

The true meaning of Christmas

has been taken over by the

commercialism of shops piled high

with expensive gifts.

commercial

(adj), commercially (adv)

2.58 talking drum

/%tO:kIN "drVm/ (n)

drum used to give messages

and signals to people in one

community or to communicate

with others further away

2.68 motive

/"m@UtIv/ (n)

reason for doing sth motivation

(n), motivator (n), motivate (v),

motivated (adj), motivational (adj)

2.59 bead

/bi:d/ (n)

small piece of glass, wood, etc.

with a hole through it, that can

be put on a string with others and

worn as jewellery beading (n),

beaded (adj)

2.69 underpin

/%Vnd@"pIn/ (v)

form the basis of sth

underpinning (n)

2.79 stroll

/str@Ul/ (v)

walk in a slow, relaxed way

stroll (n)

2.70 odd

/Qd/ (adj)

strange

oddity (n), oddly (adv)

2.80 compass

/"kVmp@s/ (n)

instrument for finding direction,

with a needle that always point to

the north

2.60 yell

/jel/ (v)

shout very loudly, e.g. because you

are excited (or angry) yell (n)

2.71 kick-start

/"kIk %stA:t/ (v)

do sth to help a project or process

start more quickly

Also how

you start a motorbike, from where

the expression originates.

kick-start (n)

2.81 filter

/"fIlt@(r)/ (v)

move gradually in a particular

direction, esp. news, information

◆

Emma hadn’t heard from Phil for

weeks, but the news filtered back

to her through friends that he had

moved in with Alison.

filter (n)

2.61 scuttle (off)

/"skVtl/ (v)

run with short, quick steps, usu.

away from a situation that you

don’t like

◆

The mouse took one

look at the cat and scuttled off

under the shed.

2.72 intention

/In"tenSn/ (n)

plan or aim intend (v),

intended (adj), intentional (adj),

intentionally (adv)

2.62 infancy

/"Inf@nsi/ (n)

early stage of development

2.82 maize

/meIz/ (n)

tall plant grown for its yellow

grains that are either made into

flour or eaten as the vegetable

known as

sweetcorn

2.73 in the eyes of

/%In Di "aIz @v/ (idm)

according to, in sb’s opinion

◆

In the eyes of the law, a child

under the age of ten cannot be held

legally responsible.

2.63 witness

/"wItn@s/ (v)

see sth happen or take place,

sometimes sth good, more

commonly an accident or a crime

witness (n)

2.83 millet

/"mIlIt/ (n)

cereal that grows in hot countries,

producing seeds that are mainly

used to make flour or to feed birds

and animals

2.74 handicraft

/"h&ndIkrA:ft/ (n)

activity where you make things by

hand using skill and artistic ability,

esp. sewing, woodwork, pottery;

also refers to any object made in

this way

2.64 authentic

/O:"TentIk/ (adj)

known to be real and genuine

◆

I can’t believe that Tessa thought

she was buying authentic Ancient

Egyptian pottery! She only paid a

couple of pounds – it can’t possibly

be the real thing.

authenticity

(n), authenticate (v), authentically

(adv)

2.84 oasis

/@U"eIsIs/ (n)

area in the desert where there is

water and where plants grow

2.75 draw

/drO:/ (n)

thing, person or event that attracts

a lot of people

Very commonly

found in the expression

the main

draw.

draw (v)

2.85 sustainability

/s@%steIn@"bIl@ti/ (n)

ability to be continued for a long

time sustain (v), sustainable (adj)

2.65 beyond

/bI"jQnd/ (adv)

more than, apart from sth

◆

he spoke very little French beyond

‘hello’ and ‘goodbye’, ordering

food in a restaurant proved rather

difficult!

2.76 envy

/"envi/ (n)

feeling of wanting to be in the

same situation as sb else envy

(v), envious (adj), enviously (adv)

CAE Result © Oxford University Press

2.86 call into question

/%kO:l Int@ "kwestSn/ (idm)

doubt sth or make others doubt

sth

Usually used in the passive.

◆

As he earlier claimed not to

have seen the fight, his validity

as a witness has been called into

question.

2.96 turban

/"t3:b@n/ (n)

long piece of cloth wound tightly

around the head worn, for example,

by men of certain religions

2.106 hostage

/"hQstIdZ/ (n)

person who is captured and held

prisoner by a person or group, and

who may be injured or killed if

people do not do what the person

or group is asking for hold/take

sb hostage (v)

2.97 standard

/"st&nd@d/ (adj)

normal, not special or unusual

standard (n)

2.87 capacity

/k@"p&s@ti/ (n)

number of things or people

that a space can hold

◆

Anfield

stadium was full to capacity for

the Liverpool–Everton match last

Saturday.

capacious (adj)

2.98 attire

/@"taI@(r)/ (n)

clothes that sb is wearing

Formal.

2.107 shortcut

/%SO:t"kVt/ (n)

quicker or shorter way of getting

to a place or doing sth (can be

two words)

◆

If you take shortcuts

instead of doing the proper

research, you’re unlikely to get the

best results.

2.99 shovel

/"SVvl/ (v)

lift and move earth, stones, etc.

shovel (n)

2.88 fray

/freI/ (v)

come apart: when

tempers fray,

people start to become irritated or

annoyed

2.100 usher

/"VS@(r)/ (v)

take or show sb where they should

go usher (n)

2.108 profusely

/pr@"fju:sli/ (adv)

a lot, in large amounts

◆

Hannah

thanked the woman profusely for

looking after her little boy when he

got lost.

profusion (n), profuse

(adj)

2.89 convoy

/"kQnvOI/ (n)

group of vehicles or ships

travelling together, esp. when

soldiers or other vehicles travel

with them for protection

◆

Three

soldiers died when rebels opened

fire on a UN convoy taking fresh

troops into the south of the city.

Vocabulary

2.101 furious

/"fjU@ri@s/ (adj)

very angry

(adv)

fury (n), furiously

2.109 get away with

/%get @"weI wID/ (phr v)

do sth wrong and not be punished

for it

◆

Sam broke her mum’s

favourite vase by accident, but she

got away with it.

2.102 overtake

/%@Uv@"teIk/ (v)

go past a moving vehicle or person

ahead of you because you are

going faster than they are

◆

I pulled

out to overtake the truck which was

crawling up the hill.

2.90 chuck

/tSVk/ (v)

throw sth carelessly

2.110 persuasion

/p@"sweIZn/ (n)

the act of persuading sb to do sth

or to believe sth

◆

After a little

gentle persuasion, he agreed to

come.

persuade (v), persuasive

(adj), persuasively (adv)

2.91 within earshot (of)

/wI%DIn "I@SQt/ (idm)

near enough to hear sb/sth or to

be heard

2.103 obedience

/@"bi:di@ns/ (n)

doing what you are told to do

◆

Obedience to their father’s strict

rules was very hard for the children.

obey (v), obedient (adj),

obediently (adv)

2.92 impact

/"Imp&kt/ (n)

powerful effect that sth has on

sth/sb impact (on) (v)

2.111 expedition

/%eksp@"dISn/ (n)

organised journey with a particular

purpose, esp. to find out about sth

that is not well known

2.93 conflict

/"kQnflIkt/ (n)

situation in which people, groups

or communities are involved in a

serious disagreement or argument

conflict (v), conflicting (adj)

2.112 jaguar

/"dZ&gju@(r)/ (n)

Grammar

2.104 stewardess

/%stju:@"des/ (n)

woman whose job is to take care

of the passengers on a plane

steward (n)

member of the big cat family

found only in Central and South

America, with yellow-brown fur

and black rings and spots

2.94 prominently

/"prQmIn@ntli/ (adv)

in a way that is easily seen,

because sth is made important

prominence (n), prominent (adj)

2.113 struggle

/"strVgl/ (v)

do sth with difficulty

struggle (n)

2.105 ignition

/Ig"nISn/ (n)

place in a car where you put the

key in to start the engine (literally,

the electrical system that makes

the fuel begin to burn) ignite (v)

2.114 in the event

/%In DI I"vent/ (phr)

when the situation actually

happened

◆

I was really worried

about my final exam, but in the

event it wasn’t as difficult as I’d

expected.

2.95 indigo

/"IndIg@U/ (adj)

very dark blue, almost purple, in

colour indigo (n)

Listening

2.115 preserve

/prI"z3:v/ (v)

keep a particular quality, feature,

etc., make sure that sth is kept

◆

Unfortunately, efforts to preserve

the peace in the Middle East have

failed once again.

preservation

(n), preserver (n)

2.124

contemporary

/k@n"tempr@ri/ (adj)

modern, belonging to the present

time

Speaking

2.134 ceremony

/"ser@m@ni/ (n)

public or religious occasion that

includes a series of formal or

traditional actions

◆

The wedding

ceremony in church was attended

by about fifty people, in contrast to

the couple of hundred who gathered

for the party in the evening.

ceremonial (adj), ceremonially

(adv)

2.125

charter

/"tSA:t@(r)/ (n)

written agreement about the

principles and aims of an

organisation

2.126

cropland

/"krQpl&nd/ (n)

2.116 exhibit

/Ig"zIbIt/ (n)

object or work of art put in a

public place, e.g. a museum, so

that people can see it exhibit (v),

exhibition (n)

land where plants are grown in

large quantities

2.127

procession

/pr@"seSn/ (n)

2.117 conceive (of)

/k@n "si:v (of)/ (v)

form an idea, a plan, etc. in your

mind; imagine sth

◆

Jules Verne

conceived the idea of rockets to the

moon long before anyone in NASA!

conception (n), concept (n), (in)

conceivable (adj), conceptual (adj)

line of people or vehicles that move

along slowly in an organised way,

esp. as part of a ceremony (more

formal than

parade,

see 2.36)

process (v)

2.135 launch

/lO:nÍ/ (v)

put a ship or boat into the water

◆

As soon as the emergency

signal sounded, the lifeboats were

launched into the sea.

launch (n)

2.128

not sb’s cup of tea

/%nQt ... %kVp @v "ti:/ (idm)

not what sb likes or is interested in

◆

An evening listening to classical

music isn’t my cup of tea, I’d much

rather listen to rap.

2.136 speculate

/"spekj@leIt/ (v)

guess, esp. without knowing all

the details or facts

◆

There’s no

point speculating about what

happened. You’ll have to wait until

we get some more information.

speculation (n), speculative

(adj), speculatively (adv)

2.118 demonstrate

/"dem@nstreIt/ (v)

show sth clearly by giving proof or

evidence

◆

His sudden departure

demonstrates how unreliable he is.

demonstration (n), demonstrable

(adj)

2.129

stall

/stO:l/ (n)

table or small shop with an open

front that people sell things from,

esp. at a market

Use of English

2.137 come of age

/kVm @v "eIdZ/ (idm)

reach the age when you have

an adult’s legal rights and

responsibilities coming of age (n)

2.130

charity

/"Í&r@ti/ (n)

2.119 fair

/fe@(r)/ (n)

type of entertainment in a field

or park at which people entertain

themselves and play games to win

prizes

organisation for helping people in

need

◆

The charity was set up to

provide support for single-parent

families.

2.131

artefact

/"A:tIf&kt/ (n)

2.120 curator

/kjU@"reIt@(r)/ (n)

person whose job is to be in

charge of the objects in a museum

or art gallery curate (v)

object, e.g. a pot or tool, made by

a human being and of historical

or cultural interest

Also spelt

artifact

(Am Eng).

2.138 retain

/rI"teIn/ (v)

keep sth; continue to have sth

◆

The police struggled to retain

control of the situation.

2.121 ancestor

/"&nsest@(r)/ (n)

person in your family who lived a

long time ago

2.132

insular

/"Insj@l@(r)/ (adj)

2.139 rite

/raIt/ (n)

ceremony performed by a

particular group of people or

society, often for religious purposes

only interested in your own

country, ideas, etc. and not in

those from outside

2.122

tribe

/traIb/ (n)

group of people of the same race,

and with the same customs,

language, religion, etc. tribesman

2.133

inhabit

/In"h&bIt/ (v)

2.140 ritual

/"rIÍu@l/ (n)

action or series of actions always

performed in the same way, esp.

as part of a ceremony or religious

service ritualise (v), ritual (adj),

ritually (adv)

2.123

contribution

/%kQntrI"bju:Sn/ (n)

action or service that helps to cause

or increase sth

◆

Any research

provides a significant contribution to

scientific knowledge.

contributor

(n), contribute (v), contributory (adj)

live in a particular place

◆

The island used to be inhabited

but no one lives here any more.

inhabitant (n), habitation (n),

uninhabitable (adj), uninhabited

(adj)

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