God’s Eye Aerial Photography and the Katyn.pdf

(191 KB) Pobierz
Book Reviews
Intelligence
in
Recent
Public Literature
Gods
By
Eye:
Aerial
Photography
and
the
Katyn
Universiw
Press,
1999.
136
pages.
Forest
Massacre
Frank
Fox. West
Chester,
PA:
West
Chester
Reviewed
by
Benjamin
A
number of
B.
Fischer
squads
clear
to
police
departments
in
the United
investigate
unsolved
crimes
that
are
use
States
have created cold-case
years
or even
as
decades
old. To
old cases,
detectives often
new
methods such
data
that
DNA
analysis
and
not
other modern forensic
techniques
to
analyze
was
collected hut
comprehensibe
book
is
about
when
the
crimes
historical
were
committed.
Professor
Foxs
more
intriguing
to
an
cold
case
that
took
than
50
years
clear.
The
crime in
ers
question
was
the cold-blooded
murder
of
were
some
4,500
Polish
offic
in
the
and
soldiers
whose
bodies
west
discovered
in
April
1943
Katyn
Forest. located
12
miles
of
the
Russian
city
of
Smolensk
The
hero of
Foxs
book
is
a
self-taught
photo-interpreter
of
professional
caliber named Waclaw
Godziemba-Maliszewski. The
data
collected
at
the
time
of
the
crime
were
aerial
reconnaissance
photographs
were
taken
by
the
German
room
Luftwaffe.
which
were
seized,
classified,
and
stored
Archives
until
the
crime
in
the evidence
of the
US
National
to
they
declassified
in
1979.
The
methods
used
finally
solve
were
modern
photo
interpretation
and
photogrammetrv.
at
German
Nazi
occupation
forces
stumbled
onto
mass
graves
propaganda
minister
Josef
Goebbels
charged
the
to
Katyn
in
April
1943.
mass
mur
Soviets
with
der,
hoping
an
exploit
the
grisly discovery
to
shatter
the
wartime
alliance.
The
Germans
exhumed
many
of
the corpses
and
Anglo-American-Soviet
brought
in
international
team
of
forensic
experts and
other
observers
to
substantiate
the
Soviet
atrocity.
The
plan
backfired.
All
of
the
forensic
experts
were
from
with the
exception
of
one
Nazi-occupied
countries,
pathologist
from
neutral
Switzerland.
Stalin blamed the
Germans
for the
massacres,
and London
and
Washington
accepted
his
version
of the
story
as
the truth.
As time
went
on,
most
historians
in
the
West
concluded
that the Soviets
was
were
to
were
blame,
since
what
little evidence there
suggested
that
the
Poles
killed while
in
Soviet,
Gods
not
German, captivity.
Nevertheless,
doubts
persisted
for decades.
Eve
is
part
history
and
part
biography.
The historical part tells the
story
of
Katyn
and
other
killing
fields where
more
than
20,000
Polish
officers,
sol
diers,
border
guards, police,
and other
officials,
as
well
as
ordinary
citizens,
during
World
War
II.
The
narrative
stretches from
1940
to
the
present,
tracking
successive
investigations
that uncovered the
truth hit
by
bit.
The
biographical
part
of
Foxs
book focuses
on
Maliszewskis
indefatigable
efforts
to
identify
execution
and
burial
sites,
establish
Soviet
culpability,
and
pressure
Warsaw
and
Moscow
to
complete
a
full official
investigation.
were
executed
Benjamin
B.
Fischer
serves
on
the CIA
History
Staff.
67
Book
Reviews
caught
the
in the
act
A
K-awn
Forest in
preparation
for
1944
Luftwaffe
photograph captured
a
Soviet
bulldozer
excavating
moving
the
corpses
to
another
site
mass
graves
in
Maliszewski,
who
was
born
in
Scotland
in
a
1948,
developed
an
interest
in
Katyn
early
est
in
life sshen
he learned
that
turned
into
obsession,
however,
relative had been among the
victims.
Inter
when he
discovered
that
the
solution
to
the
crime
might
lie
in
aerial
reconnaissance
and
thenisclves had taken
of
Smolensk
the
photographs
that
surrounding
area
the
Germans
While
Archives,
Maliszewski
came
across
an
article
from
the
CIAs
inhouse
journal,
Studies
lii
In/elligence.
The
author,
a
respected
CIA
photo
interpreter,
had
used
the German
film
footage
to
analyze
the
physical
characteristics of
Katyn,
identify
burial sites, and draw inferences
regarding
German
versus
Soviet
culpability.
Maliszewski had
a
hunch
that
additional
study
of the Luftwaffe
imagery
would
yield
further
insights.
at
research
the
US National
doing
intriguing
Sec
Robert
C
Poirer.
The
Katyn
Enigma
New
Evidence
in
a
in-year-old Riddle.
S/tic/us
iii
J,,tcIl,gence.
vol
25,
Spring
1981.
pp
53-63
68
Book
Reviews
1944,
the
Luftwaffe
flew
17
sorties in
the Smolensk
area,
some
of
of
which included
the
Katyn
Forest.
There,
recorded
on
film,
were
snapshots
the
area
taken
before,
during,
and
after the
German
occupation.
In
one
series
From
1941
to
April
1944,
discovered
by
Poirer
and
reexamined
by
Maliszewski,
the
German
cameras
caught
the
Soviets
removing
bodies
from
mass
graves
and
bulldozing
the
ground
to
cover
up
evidence
of the
crime.
Mal
iszewski
later
found
more
burial
sites
using
US
intelligence
satellite
imagery
and
up-to-date
maps based
on
satellite
imagery
that
were
provided
through
die
good
offices
of
Dr.
Zbigniew
Brzezinski,
fornier
national
security
adviser
to
President
Gaiter,
who
was
sympathetic
to
the
project.
of
photographs
taken
in
Fox
points
to
out
that Maliszewskis
research
and his
struggle
were
to
bring
to
his
find
ings
the
attention
of Polish officials
and
scholars
to
crucial
persuading
a
the Polish
government
Katyn
reexamine
the World
War
It
tragedies.
As
result,
advis
erupted
as
an
issue
in
Polish-Soviet relations
in
1990.
In
October
of
that
year,
Mikhail
ers,
Gorbachev,
under pressure from
Warsaw
and from
his
own
revealed
part,
hut
not
all,
of the truth about
Katyn.
He
pinned
the blame
chief
henchman.
Lavrenty
Beria,
and
Soviet
military intelligence.
It
on
Stalins
took
two
more
years,
the
collapse
of Soviet
power, and
a
bitter
rivalry
between
Gorbachev
and
his
successor,
Boris
Yeltsin,
for the whole
truth
Gommunist
to
emerge.
In
1992,
Yeltsin
released records from the
revealed
that Stalin
and five other
members
of the
special
archive
Politburo
had
approved
Partys
that
the
killings
on
Berias
recommendation.2
Readers
may
not
be
surprised by
Soviet and
later
Russian
stonewalling,
but
they
may
be shocked
to
learn that
prominent
figures
in
post-communist
Poland
also
impeded
Maliszewskis
efforts
to
locate the
final
resting
places
of
the
mur
complete
disclosure
of
the truth.
Promises
were
made but
not
kept, funding
for further
investigation
was
offered
but
find
never
materialized.
Some
Polish researchers
expropriated
Maliszewskis
ings
and
published
them without
attribution.
When he
finally
succeeded
in
publishing
his
painstaking
research
in
a
prestigious
Warsaw
University
scien
tific
journal,
the
editor censored
some
of the
more
damning
details.
dered Poles and force
a
full and
gives
due credit
to
other
historians who
helped
to
establish
the
truth about
Katyn.
One
was
Professor
Janusz
Zawodny,
the
doyen
of
Katyn
historians,
whose
1962
book,
Death
in
the
Forest,
was
the
first
major
exposØ
of
the
Polish
tragedy.
Another
was
Dr. Simon
Schochet,
a
Polish-Jewish
historian
In
Gods
Eye,
Fox
2
ber will
not
account
for
all
of
the
probable
Polish deaths
at
Soviet
hands,
the actual
num
be known.
A
5
March
1940
Politburo memorandum
signed by
Stalin
and five other leaders
recommended
executing
14,700
Polish
officers,
soldiers,
civil
servants,
landowners,
and others
being
held
in
Soviet camps
and
11,000
more
being
held
in
captivity
in
Soviet-occupied
eastern
Poland
A
KGB
report
dated 3 March
1959
stated that
21,857
Polish
officers,
gendarmes, police,
settlers,
and others had been
Russias
revelations do
never
official orders
in
1940.
See
Dimitri
\olkogonov, Autopsyfor
Empire
The
Seven
Leaden Who Built
Regime
(New
York,
NY
The
Free
Press,
1998),
pp.
148,
220 The latter number does
not
include
some
90,000
Polish officers and soldiers
captured
in
1939
who have
never
been accounted for
or
the
es
timated
1.5
to
2
million Poles
deponed
to
Soviet
central
Asia and
Siberia,
many
of whom died
in
transit
killed
on
the Soviet
or
after
arriving
in
the
USSR.
69
Book
Reviews
whose
research
revealed
chat
several
hundred
of the
Katyn
victims
were
Jew
the presence of
Jewish
victims
illuminates
the
complexity
of
the
Katyn
story.
Goebbels
reportedly
hesitated
at
first
to
expose
the
massacre
when
he learned
that
a
number of
the
victims
were
Polish
Jews.
And
some
his
ish.
Establishing
torians
have
attempted
to
portray
Katyn
as
jewish-Bolsheviks
against
ethnic Poles.
all
the
a
Jewish
crime
perpetrated
by
Despite
ues
hard
evidence that
is
now
available,
the
Katyn
tragedy
contin
reverberate
in
Russia
and Poland and
in
Russo-Polish relations.
In
2000,
the Polish government, with
Russian
and
Ukrainian
cooperation,
dedicated
mil
to
itaiy
two
cemeteries
and
memorials
at
Katyn.
closed
a
as
well
as
at
Mednoye
a
and
Kharkiv,
other
sites
where
Soviet executions occurred.
The chairman of the
Russian
Duma
source
recently
~
said
that this
had
as
of
conflicts and
served
shared
past
that
pretext
for
many
to
evoke
tension
in
a
chapter
of
was
our
a
relations.
Maybe
to
so.
But Russia
has
yet
to
case
formally apologize,
and
the Duma
has refused
can
give
the
legal
standing
dragging
punishment
so
that the
families
of the
victims
claim
compensation.
The head of the
Association
of
its
feet
on
that
Warsaw
itself
is
the murders
and
seems,
is
a
Katyn
Families
recently
charged
demanding
a
complete
investigation
of
of the
perpetrators
who
are
still alive.
Katyn,
it
wound
that will take
more
than
one
generation
to
heal.
emi
Eye:
Aerial
Photography
and the Katyn
Forest
Massacre
provides
an
nently
readable,
detailed
information
base
against
~vhich
to
gauge the
continuing
tensions
between
Russia
and
Poland
over
the
Katyn
atrocities.
Gods
Yinnadiy
Syclzcznvov.
inteniew,
There
are
no
harriers between
us
P,ze~1ad,
9
April
2001,
p. 7,
70

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