Mylost_Bozhiia_Ukraynusvobodyvshaia_and_Ukrainian_Literature_after_and_before_Poltava__en.pdf

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The President and Fellows of Harvard College
"Mylost' Bozhiia, Ukraynu...svobodyvshaia..." and Ukrainian Literature after (and before)
Poltava: The Missing Link
Author(s): George G. Grabowicz
Source:
Harvard Ukrainian Studies,
Vol. 31, No. 1/4, POLTAVA 1709: THE BATTLE AND THE
MYTH (2009-2010), pp. 535-552
Published by:
Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/41756514
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and
"Mylosť Bozhiia, Ukraynu...svobodyvshaia..."
Ukrainian Literature after (and before) Poltava:
The Missing Link
George
G. Grabowicz
The Ukrainian school drama lengthily was then the custom)
(as
entitled
"MwAOCTb
Bo>kíh
ot
hocmmmx ahackmx
o6ma
npe3
YkpaMHy HeyAo6
3mhobíh
boííck3anopo3KMx
reTMaHa,
BorAaHa
XMeAbHwijKaro
npecAaBHoro
MAapoBaHHbiMw HaA
B03BeAHHMBiuafl,
CBo6oAMBinaH,
noöeAaMM
eMy AHxaMM
Ha He3a6ßeHHyio
toamkmx iijeApoT
ero
naMHTb
b inKOAax
penpe3eHTOBaHHan
KieBCKMx AeTa"
Ukraine
from
PolishBond-
1728
(God's Gracewhichhas freed
BohdanZynovii
the
Hetmánofthe
agethrough
Khmel'nyts'kyi, mostglorious
himthrough victories
the
overthe
Host,and whichhas elevated
Zaporozhian
Poles thatwerevouchsafed him is hereby
to
in
represented livingmemory
of His beneficence the Kyivan
in
schools in theyear1728)has occupied its
nichein the canon of eighteenth-century
Ukrainian
literature
eversince its
and
late)
(in
(relatively discovery Mykhailo
by
Maksymovych publication frag-
- on thetwo hundredth
of
ments)in 1857
anniversary thedeathofthesame
BohdanKhmel'nyts'kyi.1
the
to
practice title
According genreand customary
has since then(beginning
in
withMaksymovych's comments his 1857
first
been elidedto "Mylosť Bozhiia"(Gods Grace),thusobscuring
publication)
the"Ukraynu" follows theverbforms
that
and
and
("svobodyvshaia" "vozvely-
for
that
that
further. shouldbe noted, example, while
(It
chyvshaia") comestill
HeorhiiKonys'kyi's
of
(Resurrection the Dead) of
"Voskresenye
mertvykh"
in
title focusand meaning theplay,
the
of
1746does convey itsshort
Mytrofan
deistvie" ComicPlay)of1736
(A
Dovhalevs'kyi's
suggests
"Komycheskoe
hardly
and
bytheshorttitlealone thattheplaydeals withChrist's
nativity above all
itseschatological
this
message.)In thecase of"MylosťBozhiia," conventional
andaltogether
"natural"
elision thename(oflongto short
of
can
title) serveas a
and
and
for
concep-
metaphor synecdoche themuchlarger muchmorefraught
tualelision, indeedblindspot,that cometo exist
or
has
around work-and
this
-
itslarger and significance inbothUkrainian
role
and
historiography
literary
in Ukrainian
as
of
a
historiography such.In light this, newand closerreading
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JSTOR Terms and Conditions
536
GRABOWICZ
our
in
ofthistext helprecontextualize senseofUkrainian
can
society thenear
of
our understanding the
of
aftermath the debacle of Poltavaand reorient
of
intellectual
continuities discontinuities Ukrainian
and
history.
*
The critical
attention
devotedto "MylosťBozhiia"(hereafter in thecen-
MB)
and
sinceitspublication- to sayalmost
not
three
centuries
sinceits
tury a half
-
and
as
but
performancehas beenmoderate to volume, basically
writing first
constricted to the issues perceivedand addressed.As is oftenthe case,
as
the first
formulation the questionsto be asked of theworkwas destined
of
the
to become a kindofprimary
imprinting,
channeling varioussubsequent
and theveryassessment thework.For Maksymovych, was
of
who
readings
the
enthusiastic
abouttheworkand itsmerits, mainissuewas thatof
clearly
whichhe,quitewrongheadedly,
ascribed Feofan
to
authorship-
Prokopov�½ch
in
basedon thefact
that manuscript found twodifferent
the
was
manu-
(largely
of
his
The
collections thelatter's
works,
script
following "Vladimir.02 incongru-
to
principal
pathos
ideologuea workthatin itsoverall
ityofascribing Peter's
and in variousparticulars in manifest
was
to
opposition thatPetrine
legacy
himself laterby
and ideology
was soon articulated Osyp Bodians'kyi
and
(by
N. Petrov)-although argument
the
so,
(understandably giventheexigencies
of the Russianimperialdiscourse)was couched not in termsof ideological
to
but
of
opposition imperial
equally
design, in terms less sensitive,
although
and
reasons.Whilestillnotdefinitively
persuasive,
stylistic also biographical
does not
the
resolved, questionof authorship generalconsensusclearly
by
devolve Prokopov�½ch, falls other
on
but
on
candidates
suchas Feofan
possibly
or
boththenteachersof poeticsand
Trofymovych Innokentii
Nerunovych,
rhetoric the KyivMohylaAcademywheretheworkwas first
at
performed.
dismissesthe probableauthorship the former,
of
(Hordyns'kyi
persuasively
and has nothing sayofthelatter.)3
to
*
Theissuethat
in
was raisedbyAntonov�½ch Drahomanov their
and
publication
related theideology
to
(theformulation all indication
by
beingDrahomanov's)
- thatis, giventhe"historical
(or "pointofview")ofthework
songs"context
ofthelarger
workin whichitwas published;
thustheclaimthat"Pa3AMHne...
M
BÓOAee
neCHHMM
COCTOMT
APaMOMHapOAHMMM
K03aiJK0-peAMri03H0M
MOKAy
neMHapoAHO-eKOHOMMHecKOM
TOHKe
betweenthe
(The
3peHMfl" difference...
dramaand thefolk
perspec-
songsrestson thegreater
Cossack-and-religious
in
direc-
tivethanon thepopular economic
and
Whilepointing theright
one).4
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All use subject to
JSTOR Terms and Conditions
ANDUKRAINIAN
"MYLOST'
BOZHIIA"
LITERATURE
537
to
the
ethosor "center" thework),
of
the
tion(thatis,seeking identify guiding
the
issueofideology
intoitsclasscomponents
still
argument fragments larger
and
and avoidsa closerlook at theplay'sactualsemiotics,
rhetoric, above all
thrust.
The notionthattheworkis defined its religious/generic
by
symbolic
a
has
form convention remained toposto thisday.5
and
-
in
Parallelto this- and equallyestablished the criticalreception is the
Cossack-Ukrainian
line of reasoningthatsees MB as a workexemplifying
at
of
As
patriotism. was forcefully
arguedby SerhiiIefremov thebeginning
hmtkok)
K03aK0AK)6HMH
"BcioApaMy
thelast century,
npouiMBae
nepBOHOio
caMe
Ta
mo
HacTpiíí yKpaÏHCbKMM
naTpioTM3M, toaí mbmhbahbch b CMMnaTiax
the
dramais
AOK03aiíbKoro
(Likea redthread
through entire
running
AaAy"
whichat the
for
patriotism-
empathy theCossacksand a sense ofUkrainian
in
he
itself sympathy theCossackorder); goes on
for
timeprecisely
expressed
central
issuethat
that
to examine,
not
however, theobviously
implies-notthe
and
of
as
but
"patriotism,"
Cossacophilism such, thecoreissueofthenature this
"Ukrainian
-
its
and
patriotism," structure articulationbutveersoff
specifically
such
intodecidedly
matters, as thework's
i?
"),
loyalism obrusytel'stvo
secondary
and
the
and
itsappealsto classsolidarity
(between Cossackstarshyna therank
in
central
has
and
file), so on.6As muchas thistopos ofpatriotism remained
on
for
of
discussions or comments thedrama,itsexamination, themostpart,
muchfurther Iefremov's
than
has notprogressed
generalization.
A major exception here is the monograph-length
studyby Iaroslav
and
and thoroughly
that
Hordyns'kyi reviewsthe earliercriticalreception
and
its
discussesthelanguageofthework, salientformal typo-
perceptively
the
with
attention comparative
to
moments, work's
logicalfeatures, particular
to
and
models,itspossiblerelation theUkrainian
literary literary-theoretical
-
the
y
highpoint even
dumy and so on.7To thisday it remains clear critical
us
and is separatedfrom
the
century
thoughit stemsfrom earlytwentieth
by even a fewmore yearsthan the eventsof the play (1648) fromits first
of
viewers
valuableis Hordyns'kyi's
(1728).Particularly
situating theworkin
-
and
itsbroadergeneric
context not onlythatof Polishliterature, ofschool
as
but
drama,and the Cossack chronicles, of Europeanliterature such,and
of
too,
specifically, his detailedexamination the drama'srelianceon Samuel
all
Andyetfor the
Twardowski's poem Wojnadomowa(CivilWar;1681).
epic
of
breadth perspective thesobriety his approach- and indeeddespite
of
and
the
observations clearly
that
seem to pointhimon theright
track,
especially
and laterUkrainian
all
claimthatMB standsquiteapartfrom earlier
justified
-
Thisapparent
misses corepoint.
the
schooldramas8 Hordyns'kyi
consistently
of
is
obviousremains
obscured, itself
deserving
puzzle,ofwhythealtogether
attention.
This content downloaded from 208.69.244.22 on Mon, 29 Sep 2014 23:15:58 PM
All use subject to
JSTOR Terms and Conditions
538
GRABOWICZ
*
that
MB has presented mostcritics-that a putative
to
Thecentral
is,
problem
its
and
anditsreligious
between Cossack(andhistorical secular)
(andalle-
split
-
be
and
schooldrama/propaedeutic)
perspectives may seenas
gorical generic,
in
structure. Hordyns'kyi is thework's
this
as
immanent, inhering itsvery
(For
one
as
at
Given
MB'sbrevity
central
indeedaporia, he argues length.)9
problem,
the
can quickly
Thus,in
recapitulate plotand proceedto testthisproposition.
laments present
the
stateofCossackdomunder
act i, scene1,Khmel'nyts'kyi
and
his
Polishoppression
("aoaio K03aijbKyK)
onAaicyeT") considers course("i
B
takesnew councilto his mind),and
HOBwe
cobítm yMnpieMAeT";
literally:
in
concludes
withthewell-established
topos(notedearlier Wojna
apocryphal
wordsto Khmel'nyts'kyi):
domowaand attributed Wtadyslaw's
to
He
inaÓAH HacecTb: 30bcím
KorAa
nponaAa
řípu
MHoroiMeHMTan noxBaAa...
OHaa
HaM
He oToópaAM ahxm ocTaTKa
eme
MaTKa.
>Kmb i HeyMepAa
Bor
K03aijbKaH
(307)10
When have
we
sabers ourside, much
our
by
Renowned is notlost...
glory
ThePoles
have
to
all:
hardly
managed take
mother.
Godis alive-as is ourCossack
A chorusconsisting theMuse and Apollo appearsand foretells
of
defeat
for
this
the
thePoles.Act2,scene1 againshowsKhmel'nyts'kyi, timepersuading
die
and
Cossacks in a long speech to join himin the struggle either or free
thus:
Ukraine;
A mhí
i rAaßy
AaAeKO
BWAMTbcn
Aynnie
CbOK)
HÍ>K
6m
nOAO>KMTb, K03aiJbKy
CAaBy
I ykpaÏHy
3 KpaíiHÍM
noTepHTM
CTyAOM
Iam
(308)
HeÓAaroAapHMM roAAOBaTM
BparoM
down
AndI canmuch
more laying
see
Cossack
Myheadthan
losing
glory
Andwith
utmost
shame
Ukraine
herself
Orpaying
to
homage a thankless
enemy
The camp commander
of
(koshovyi) the Cossacks seconds him in this,say-
ing:
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JSTOR Terms and Conditions

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