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THE
POLITICAL
IN
UNDER
LEMBERG
Prokopovych
GARDEN:
REPRESENTATION
PUBLIC
GREENERY
RULE
THE
HABSBURG
Abstract: This article considers the politicization of urban green areas as an
under-researched aspect of urban spatial politics in the Habsburg Monarchy and
in the specific case of Lemberg. Municipal concern with the maintenance of old
private parks and the establishment of new green areas was continuous through-
out Habsburg Lemberg's history. Lemberg's parks possessed a kind of privacy
that permitted much more flexible use than that of the streets for various infor-
mal, non-official and, often, nationalist celebrations. As clusters of true "public
spheres" and, at the same time, commemorative sites of diverse and conflicting
codings, they became a kind of testing ground for subsequent mass street poli-
tics. Although at the fin de siècle the municipality grew increasingly Polish na-
tionalist in its rhetoric, in practice it espoused a conglomerate of imperial and
local values, as seen in its erecting a monument to Agenor Goluchowski, rather
than to Tadeusz Ko�½ciuszko.
THE
LEMBERG
SCHORSKE?
GARDEN:
BETWEEN
BIRDERMBIER
AND
What is one to make of concepts in cultural history such as Carl E. Schor-
ske's "garden" and Peter Hanik's "workshop," for research into the spatial
politics in other cities in the monarchy, especially those on its periphery and
characterized by a distinct multi-ethnic nature and slow industrialization?
Schorske saw Vienna as a European capital of modernity: the home of archi-
tectural innovation, modem psychology and Karl Lueger's politics of "the
new key," it seemed to contain the internal forces of its own destruction, built
into its own development. Schorske outlined the connection between Liberal
politics in fin-de-siecle Vienna, the aesthetics of the Ringstrasse and its subse-
quent criticism by modernist thought.' However, Peter Hanik demonstrated
convincingly that Schorske's metaphor of a "garden" for fin-de-siecle intellec-
tual culture was a phenomenon specific to Vienna which did not apply to Bu-
dapest, the focus of his research. While Viennese intellectuals retreated into
their private, spacious gardens to create modem culture, their Budapest coun-
terparts thought of no retreat from their nation into a "garden" of sorts. In-
1. Carl E. Schorske,Fin-de-siccleVienna:
Politics and Culture(NewYork:VintageBooks,
1981).
72
stead, fin-de-siecle Budapest's cultural environment can best be understood as
a "workshop. "2
Presently known as Lviv in western Ukraine, the city that was from 1340
until 1772 the Polish city of Lwow, had previously been a medieval Ruthenian
metropolia and, even earlier, an ancient Slavic settlement. Lw6w fell into the
possession of Austria after the first partition of Poland in 1772 and officially
became Lemberg, the capital of the Crownland of Galicia and Lodomeria.3
While for Hanik, a "workshop" primarily referred to industry and the creation
of profit, Habsburg Lemberg could hardly be characterized as an industrial
metropolis: throughout the entire nineteenth century, its growth largely
stemmed from revenues from the city's administrative function. This was the
case of "urbanization without industrialization"4 for the simple fact that indus-
try was largely lacking. Subsequently, the industrial bourgeoisie was not a
powerful actor in municipal politics, the working class was less explosive than
were diverse ethnic organizations and student rebellions, and private invest-
ment did not play an exclusive role in shaping architectural and planning prac-
tices.
Moreover, Lemberg's development was characterized by its traditional
multiethnic (Polish-Jewish-Ruthenian)
composition that in the process of so-
cial modernization led to the birth of several conflicting national programs.
Hence the emergence of a national "workshop," similar 5n shape to the one in
Budapest, was not possible. Lemberg's history was rich in events that pro-
vided the local population with a variety of perspectives
for self-
identification. The city was witness to several important sieges, such as the
one of 1649 by the Cossack troops and the siege of 1704 by the Swedish
army. Coming under Austrian control with the first partition of Poland, Lem-
berg was recovered by Napoleonic Polish troops in the summer of 1809, sub-
sequently occupied by the Russian army, and returned to Austrian possession
through to the Peace Treaty of Vienna later that year. A center for the short-
lived but turbulent events in 1848, the city experienced fighting behind barri-
cades and was heavily bombarded by the Austrian army, which suppressed the
revolution. From the 1870s the capital of a semi-autonomous province of the
Monarchy, the city became a battlefield for representation by its two major
2. PeterHanik, TheGardenand the Workshop:
and
Essayson the CulturalHistoryof Vienna
NJ:
Budapest(Princeton, PrincetonUniv.Press, 1998).
3. Thename "Lemberg"is used systematically
this
throughout text exceptin quotationsfrom
Polish and Ruthenian/Ukrainian in publicationcitations(Lw6w for 1918-1939,Lviv for
and
Local non-German
names are given in Polish for the sake of brevity and due to
1939-present).
limitationsof length, except when the names derive exclusivelyfrom the Ruthenian/Ukrainian
culture.Rutheniannames are transliteratedwith the use of Czech letters,one of the two estab-
lishedpracticesof Ukrainiantransliteration, additionto the Libraryof Congresssystem.The
in
termsrelatedto administrative
are
units,such as Statthalterei
(Viceroy's
Administration), givenin
German.
4. PatriciaHerlihy,"Cities:NineteenthCentury,"in Ivan Rudnytsky, Rethinking
Ukrain-
ed.,
ian History(Edmonton:
CIUSPress, 1981).
73
ethnic groups, the Poles and the Ruthenians, as well as one of the major cen-
ters of Zionism in the region. An administrative capital, an historic city, a seat
of higher education and numerous national institutions, Lemberg nevertheless
remained one of the most kaisertreu (loyal to the Emperor) places in the mon-
archy.
Given Lemberg's history, its public space was employed for the simultaneous
staging of the two grand symbolic projects: the staging of the empire and the
staging of the nation.5 The Municipality needed to strike a balance between
the two and, at the same time, search for its own public identity. The complex
imagery of public representation, the linking of identity with place, the ex-
pression of local patriotism, and the articulation of cultural hegemony were
allied with either of the projects or with both of them together. However, in
Lemberg, a "garden" existed different to that of Schorske: public greenery
that had primarily been created in the period between 1815 and 1848, known
politically as the Vormiirz and culturally as Biedermeier. Yet, while it is gen-
erally assumed that, due to the politics of restoration, a retreat into the com-
forts of private life became the central interest during that time, in fact an en-
tire array of socializing and commemorative practices took place in public
parks.
Designed by planning authorities yet loosely defined as "private," the parks
in Lemberg had a specific function. Continuities with the Biedermeier legacy
provided that, while in fin-de-siecle Vienna the private garden became the birth-
place of Art Nouveau and psychoanalysis, in Lemberg it served as a public
sphere in a true Habermasian sense. In effect, parks occupying the very bottom
rung on the official hierarchy of symbolic spaces made them available for the
much more unrestrained and creative expression of various identities and loyal-
ties than could take place publicly in the street. The Lemberg garden was a
place of pleasure and solitude, a site of traditional rituals and a kind of a repre-
sentational workshop at the same time.
This article does not aim to present a comprehensive history of Lemberg's
city parks as this has already been done in great detail by Zygmunt
Starikiewicz.6 In general, the planning of new parks and re-designing of existing
ones went hand-in-hand with the establishing of new streets and promenades,
the construction of focal monumental buildings in the city center, the relocation
of cemeteries outside the center, the laying out of new districts, and, closer to
1900, the construction of monuments. These projects were part and parcel of a
5. For an excellent overview,see Harald Binder, "Politischebfficntlichkeitin Galizien-
in
Lembergund Krakauim Vergleich," AndreasHofmannand Anna Weronika
Wendland,
eds.,
Stadt und 6ffentlichkeitin Ostmitteleuropa1900-1939:Beitrage zur Entstehung moderner
UrbanitiltzwischenBerlin, Charkiv,Tallinund Triest.Forschungen Geschichteund Kultur
zur
des 6stlichenMitteleuropa (Stuttgart:
14
FranzSteinerVerlag,2002).
6. ZygmuntStafikiewicz,
"Ogrody i plantacjemiejskie"[Municipal
gardensand parks], in
Bohdan Janusz, ed., Lwowstary i dzisiejszy.Praca zbiorowa[Old and contemporaryLw6w]
(Lw6w:Nakl.Wyd."M.A.R.,"1928),pp. 63-70.
74
1. Map of Lemberg,
In the upper center,
below
1905.
Fig.
Park and the monument
Wisniowski
to Wis-
Invalidenhaus,
In the upper right
niowski
and Kapuscinski
(1895).
corner,
known as Franz-Josephsberg,
the Castle
Hill,
officially
the Union Mound (Unionshugel).
Center
with
above
right,
Kurkova
The
Riflemen's
Schi-
Street,
Range
(BCirgerl.
center
Kilinski
Park with
esstatte);
bottom,
(Stryjski)
of Arts
and monument to Jan Kil-
Palace
the
(Kunstpalast)
no. 16 on the map).
above the Kil-
ifiski
(1895,
Slightly
inski
(G6ra Wronowska) with the Cita-
Park, Wronowski Hill
In the center,
the Botanical
Garden.
to the right
the
del,
with
the monument
Park
to Agenor
Municipal
(Stadtpark)
no. 14 on the map), next to the right
Goluchowski
(1901,
with the Opera House
central
boulevard
the
Waly Hetmanskie
(1900) and the monument to John III Sobieski
(1898, no. 15
Above the Botanical
on the map, barely
visible).
Garden,
of Academicka
the monuments to
on the two sides
Boulevard,
Aleksandr
Fredro
(1897, no. 13 on the map) and Kornel Uje-
17 on the map).
no.
the city
(1901,
Lying outside
jski
and thus
are Ernst
center
not on this
Kortum's
map
Fry-
covered
Garden
corner,
(in the upper left
by the
drych6wka
of the Ri-
Lonszan6wka
(to the r-ight
title),
Kaiserwald,
Pohulanka
flemen's
and Cet-
Range),
Lyczakow
Cemetery,
of the Lyczakow district)
Source:
ner6wka
(to the right
Institute
of Wagner and Debes
Geographic
[Geographische
1905.
von Wagner & Debes],
Anstalt
Leipzig,
75

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