The Analects of Confucius - An Online Teaching Trn by R Eno v 2_2 (2015).pdf

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The analecTs of confucius
An Online Teaching Translation
2015 (Version 2.2)
R. Eno
© 2003, 2012, 2015 Robert Eno
This online translation is made freely available for use in not for
profit educational settings and for personal use.
For other purposes, apart from fair use, copyright is not waived.
Open access to this translation is provided, without charge, at
http://www.indiana.edu/~p374/Analects_of_Confucius_(Eno-2015).pdf
Also available as open access translations of the Four Books
Mencius: An Online Teaching Translation
http://www.indiana.edu/~p374/Mengzi.pdf
Mencius: Translation, Notes, and Commentary
http://www.indiana.edu/~p374/Mencius (Eno-2016).pdf
The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean: An Online Teaching Translation
http://www.indiana.edu/~p374/Daxue-Zhongyong.pdf
The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean: Translation, Notes, and Commentary
http://www.indiana.edu/~p374/Daxue-Zhongyong_(Eno-2016).pdf
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MAPS
BOOK I
BOOK II
BOOK III
BOOK IV
BOOK V
BOOK VI
BOOK VII
BOOK VIII
BOOK IX
BOOK X
BOOK XI
BOOK XII
BOOK XIII
BOOK XIV
BOOK XV
BOOK XVI
BOOK XVII
BOOK XVIII
BOOK XIX
BOOK XX
Appendix 1: Major Disciples
Appendix 2: Glossary
Appendix 3: Analysis of Book VIII
Appendix 4: Manuscript Evidence
i
x
1
5
9
14
18
24
30
36
40
46
52
59
66
73
82
89
94
100
104
109
112
116
122
131
About the title page
The title page illustration reproduces a leaf from a medieval hand copy of the
Analects,
dated 890
CE
, recovered from an archaeological dig at Dunhuang, in
the Western desert regions of China. The manuscript has been determined to
be a school boy’s hand copy, complete with errors, and it reproduces not only
the text (which appears in large characters), but also an early commentary
(small, double-column characters). (The quality of schoolboy “handwriting” –
actually brush and ink work – should probably make us all feel inadequate.)
Thousands of scholarly commentaries in Chinese have been written in
the 2500 years of the
Analects’
existence. Because so much important contextual
information about the characters and special terms in the text does not appear
within the
Analects,
having originally been provided by teachers, we would find
the text almost impossible to read with understanding were it not that early
commentators preserved much of this information in their interlinear notes.
Recovery of this particular copy of the text was unusually valuable, because the
second century
CE
commentary it includes is a famous one by a great early
scholar that has otherwise been largely lost. Unfortunately, the recovered text
was only of a portion of the
Analects,
so we do not now possess the entire
commentary, but we are fortunate to have found even a part.
The page illustrated is the opening portion of Book IX.
The illustration source is Tsukihora Yuzuru
月洞讓,
Etsushū Rongo Shōshi shu
�½�輯論語鄭氏注
(Tokyo:
1963), plate 15.
The Analects of Confucius
Introduction
The Analects of Confucius
is an anthology of brief passages that present the words of
Confucius and his disciples, describe Confucius as a man, and recount some of the events
of his life. The book may have begun as a collection by Confucius’s immediate disciples
soon after their Master’s death in 479
BCE.
In traditional China, it was believed that its
contents were quickly assembled at that time, and that it was an accurate record; the Eng-
lish title, which means “brief sayings of Confucius,” reflects this idea of the text. (The
Chinese title,
Lunyu
論語,
means “collated conversations.”) Modern scholars generally
see the text as having been brought together over the course of two to three centuries, and
believe little if any of it can be viewed as a reliable record of Confucius’s own words, or
even of his individual views. Rather, much like the biblical Gospels, to which the text
bears some resemblance, the
Analects
offers an evolving record of the image of Confu-
cius and his ideas through from the changing standpoints of various branches of the
school of thought he founded.
This online translation is posted to make it easier to locate an English rendering of
this important text with some basic commentary. It has been prepared for use in under-
graduate teaching and is not meant to replace published scholarly editions. The interpre-
tations reflected are my own, and in some cases do not represent consensus readings (if
such exist – there are, and always have been, competing interpretations of many of the
most engaging passages in the text, starting from passage 1.1).
In this very brief introduction to the text, I will summarize a few features of Con-
fucius’s life and social environment, review some basic ways in which the component
parts of the
Analects
are dated by analysts, on a very general level, and note some par-
ticular issues concerning key terms and translation, and of personal names.
Confucius
“Confucius” is the name by which English speakers know Kong Qiu
孔丘,
born near a
small ducal state on the Shandong Peninsula in 551
BCE.
Centuries earlier, a strong royal
state, known as the Zhou (founded in 1045
BCE
), had sent members of its high aristocra-
cy to rule regions of its empire as hereditary lords, subjects of the Zhou king, but, so long
i

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