Mongolian Rule in China - Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty by Elizabeth Endicott-West (1989).pdf

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MONGOLIAN
RULE
IN CHINA
Local Administration in the Yuan Dynast)
ELIZABETH
ENDICOTT-
WEST
T H E
Y U A N
D Y N A S T Y ,
1 2 7 2 - 1 3 6 8
A.D.
Scale:
1:22.500,000
I
Published by the COUNCIL ON EAST ASIAN STUDIES, HARVAi
UNIVERSITY, and the HARVARDYENCHING INSTITUTE, and
i
tributed
by
the HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, Cambridge (Ma.
I!
chusetts) and London
For
Francis
W
Cleaves
and
E
W
Mote
Copyright
1989
by The President and Fellows
of
Harvard College
Printed in the United States of America
The Harv.vd-Ycnching Institute, founded in 1928 and headquartered at H a n w d Uni-
versity,
is
A
foundation dedicated to the advancement of higher education in the hu-
manities and social sciences in East and Southeast Asia. T h e Institute supports
adv.inced rcscarch at Harvard by faculty members
of
certain Asian universities, and
doctoral studies at Harvard and other universities by junior faculty of the same uni-
versities.
!t
also supports East Asian studies at Harvard through contributions t o the
Harvard-Yenching Library and publication of the
Harvard
Journal of Asiatic Studies
and books on prc-modern East Asian history and literature.
Libr~try
of
Congress Cataloging
in
Publication
Data
Endicott-West, Elizabeth.
Mongolian rule in China
:
local administration in the Yuan Dynasty
/
Elizabeth Endicott-West.
p.
crn.
-
(Harvd-Yenching Institute monograph series
;
29)
Bibliography:
p.
Includes index.
ISBN
0-674-58525-9
:
$23.00
1.
Loc.~lgovernment-China-History.
2. China-History-Yuan
dynasty,
1260-1368.
3. China-Polities and government-1260-1368.
I.
Title.
11.
Series.
JS7352..43E54
1988
352.051
-&l9
88-23553
CIP
Preface
..
From the mid-1970's when
I
first began to study the history of the
Yuan Dynasty up to the present, the road has been long. On the way,
the two people to whom this volume is dedicated, Professor
F.
W.
Mote
of
Princeton and Professor Francis
W,
Cleaves of Harvard, have consis-
tently given me cheerful encouragement, thoughtful criticism, and
good advice. What more could a traveler on the horizonless steppe ask
for?
In the course of turning my doctoral dissertation into a publishable
manuscript, I benefited from the suggestions of other scholars who
were kind enough to read part o r all of the manuscript. In particular, I
should like to offer thanks to Professors Thomas Allsen, Ch'i-ch'ing
Hsiao, Ruby Lam, and Denis Twitchett. For any errors remaining in
this work,
I
of course take sole responsiblity.
A National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship for College
Teachers in 1985-1986 enabled me to revise and expand the manuscript,
and I remain grateful to the Endowment for its support. Florence Tref-
ethen, Executive Editor at the Council on East Asian Studies Publica-
tions, has been most helpful throughout the editing process.
To my husband,
Jay,
I again express gratitude for his insistence that
the subject of the Mongols' impact on China could be discussed just as
fruitfully on a walk into the hills as at one's desk. His perspective as an
historian of Russia contributed immeasurably to my own rethinking of
several issues in Yuan history.
And now, in the words of the Naiman watchman Qori Subeti, "It is
the time and the destiny of the Mongols."
Goshen, Vermont
August 1987
Contents
PREFACE
1
vii
INTRODUCTION
THE
TA-LU-HUA-CH'IH-EARLY
AND
OFFICIAL
HISTORY
Durm
THE
TA-LU-HUA-CH'IH-APPOINTMENT
AND
THE
TO
OFFICE
NATIONALITY
QUESTION
THE
TA-LU-HUA-CH'IH APPANAGES
OF
THE
YUAN
LOCAL
GOVERNMENTAND
SOCIETY
1
2
3
25
65
89
4
5
105
131
133
137
179
193
211
APPENDIX
CHART
YUAN
A:
OF
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
APPENDIXYUAN
B:
DOCUMENTS
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GLOSSARY
ONE
Introduction
..
The period of Mongolian rule in China, in its broadest sense
1206-1368,
gives the historian an opportunity to examine the process by which two
separate cultures and societies coexist, interact, and change one another.
Neither China nor Mongolia emerged from the Yuan Dynasty un-
changed by their century-long interaction. Chinese notions of rule and
governance were greatly altered by over one hundred years of Mongol-
ian overlordship. Similarly, one hundred years of exposure to Chinese
culture and immersion in the day-to-day tasks of governing a large seden-
tary empire could not but have altered Mongolian concepts of ruler-
ship. The history and folklore interwoven in the later Mongolian
chronicles note the importance assigned to the Yuan ~ e r i o d the Mon-
in
golian people's historical memory.
Compared to the Sung and Ming ~eriods, Yuan period has suf-
the
fered from historians' readiness to skip over the period entirely1 and
from their tendency to ascribe the origins of the less appealing features
of the late imperial Chinese socio-political landscape to a negative leg-
acy bequeathed
by
the Mongolian emperors of China.2 This book does
not intend to paint a rosy picture of China under Mongolian rule; but
it is "revisionist" to the extent that it seeks to air certain of the musty
stereotypes about the nature of the Yuan political system and to see
whether they can stand the test of exposure to fresh lines of inquiry.
While recent monographs on Yuan history have concentrated on

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