Records of Wind and Earth - A Trn of Fudoki with Intro & Comms by Michiko Y Aoki (1997).pdf

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Records of
ind and Earth
A Translation
of
Fudoki
with Inrroductionand Commentaries
Michiko Y. Aoki
Published
by
the Association for Asian Studies, Inc.
Monograph
and
Occasional Paper Series, Number 53
CONTENTS
©
1997 by
the Association for Asian
Studies
FIGURES
ABBREVIATIONS
.
Vi
..
Vll
.
IX
All Rights
Reserved. Written permission
must
be
secured
from
the
publisher
to uSe
or
reproduce
any
part
of
this book.
Published
by
the
Association
for Asian
Studies,
Inc.
1 Lane
Hall
The University
of
Michigan
204
SouthState
Street
Ann
Arbor,
Michigan 48104
USA
PREFACE
Introduction
1
The Hitachi
no
Kuni Fudoki
The lzumo
no
Kuni Fuodki
The
Harima
no
Kuni
Fudoki
35
75
163
Lihrary of Congress
Cataloging, in,Publication Data
Kofudoki.
English
Records
of\Xlind and
Earth: A
Translation
of
Fudoki, with
Introduction and
Commentaries/Michiko
Y.
Aoki.
p.
cm-(Monograph
and
Occasional Papers Series,
Number 53).
Includes bibliographical
references
and
index.
Contents:
Hitachi
no Kuni fudoki-lzumo
no
Kuni
fudoki-Harima no Kuni fudoki-
Bungo
no
Kuni
fudoki-
Hizen no Kuni
fudoki.
The
Bungo no
KUhi
Fudoki
233
249
ISBN
0~924304,32~4
The
Hizen
no
Kuni
Fudoki
GLOSSARY
(hard
copy)
1. ]apan-History- To
794.
2.
Japan- History,
LocaL
I.
Aoki,
Michiko Y.
II.
Title.
III.
Series:
Monograph and
Occasional
Papers
Sedes
(Association
for Asian
Studies); Number 53
.
273
295
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
DS855.KS94313
952
t.Ol-dc20
1997
96~36340
309
elF
The
printing
of
this
volume
has been financed frorn a
revolving
fund
that was
initially
established with the support of the
Luce Foundation. A
full
listing
of the
Association
for Asian Studies Monograph
Series
appears
at the end
of
this
volume.
Printed in the United States of America on
acid~free
paper.
FIGURES
ABBREVIATIONS
BUN
1.
East Asia About
A.D.
470
Bungo fudoki
Harima fudoki
Hitachi fudoki
Hizen fudoki
Izumo fudoki
Man'yoshu
•
16
HAR
HIT
HIZ
IZU
2.
The Seven Circuits of Japan in the Eighth Century
3.
Five Provinces for which
Fudoki
are Extant Today
24
26
4.
Some
Old
Names of the Political Units
Appearing in the
Fudoki
J.
Hitachi Province in the Eighth Century
r-
•
30
36
MYS
NKBT
1
Kojiki
N
orito
l
NKBT
.2
Fudoki,
ed.
Akimoto
Nihon shoki
6.
Posting--Stations of Eighth--Century Izumo
76
NS
SNG
SSR
7.
Man Dressed in a Belted Tunic and Trousers
8.
Harima Province in the Eighth Century
164
166
234
250
Shoku Nihongi
Shinsen shojiroku
9.
Bungo Province in the Eighth Century
10.
Hizen Province in the Eighth Century
Vl
.
Vll
..
Preface
"
.......... eginning in the late sixth century, the early Japanese imperial
......., 'nstitution took about one hundred years to emerge as a viable
political entity capable of extracting loyalty from all its contending
barons. This era roughly coincides with the first century of a reunified
China, ruled first
by
the Sui
(581-618)
and then by the T'ang (618-
928)
dynasties. This period is roughly comparable to that of
seventh~
century England, during which the English Church was established
,
according to the tradition of Latin Christendom under Theodore of
Tarsus (Archbishop of Canterbury, c.
669-90).
In Japan the core of
the aristocracy was busy Sinicizing its institutions. The first such effort
was led
by
Regent Prince Shotoku
(574-622)
and Minister Soga no
Umako
(540?-626). Next
came a far .. reaching renovative period
known as the Taika Reform. After launching a palace coup in 645,
the reformists developed the basic mechanisms that \vould sustain
the imperial institution during the ensuing centuries. Emperor Tenmu
(r.
673-86),
who ascended the throne in 673, made himself the first
strong sovereign of Japan
by
unifying the country under a
Buddhist~
Confucian ethic.
Tenmu, pursuing the government reforms initiated
by
his brother
Tenji (r.
668- 72),
continued the codification of administrative rules
and penal laws. With no
less
emphasis, he also instructed his court
functionaries to compile aristocratic genealogies and record the old
tales abou
t
their forebears. Though he died before these works were
completed, the projects were carried on by his successors through
promulgation of the
Taiho Code
of
701
and completion of the
Kojiki
(Records of ancient matters,
712)
and the
Nihon shoki
(NS)
(Chronicles
of Japan,
720).
Thanks
to
Aston
and Chamberlain) the latter two
works were made accessible to western readers
in
the early twentieth
lX
•
Preface
century, and much of the work done
on
early Japan has depended
primarily
on
them.
But another important corpus of documents, generically known as
fudoki,
or local gazetteers, has only been partially introduced
to
\vestern
readers+ Most of these collections of local information about eighth--
century Japan, so rich in literary, anthropological,
and
political data,
still awaits western readership.
Clarification of certain terms used in discussions about early Japanese
history seems due at this point.
The
term Yamato Court is loosely used
in Japanese scholarship to describe the political entity whose power
center "vas located in the Yamato region and its vicinity. For example,
soon after the initiation of the Taika Reform
in
645,
the Imperial
Court moved to Naniwa (in Settsu Province, the present .. day Osaka
Prefecture). Betweeh
667
and
672
it
was based at Afumi (in Omi
Province, the present. . day Shiga Prefecture). Yet these periods are
generally perceived as being part of a larger historical era, the period
of the Yamato Court. For the sake of clarity,
I
have adopted a SOlne--
what artificial demarcation. The time extending from the reign of
the
quasi . . mythological first emperor, ]immu, to the eve
of
the issuance of
the
Taiho Code
(701)
is referred
to
as the period of the "Yamato Court,"
or simply "the Court.)'
The
Imperial Court after
7 1 is
referred to
as
the "central government." Since the period during which the first
local documents were compiled-the prototype of
fudoki
(ordered
713)-is
customarily called the Nara period, the corpus of these docu--
ments also may be considered a product
of
the Nata period.
Preface
this policy la.t er came to be known as
fudoki.
Of the many documents
coLlected from more than sixty provinces only a handful of any length
survive. But the extant documents provide information about early
Japanese language, literature, history, anthropology,
and,
most impor..
tantly, the politico--religious aspects of Japanese society.
The folklore and myths included in these documents are particularly
valuable because human affairs are explained
in
terms of mythology.
The legends are helpful in gaining an understanding of
the
interaction
between the early inhabitants
of
the Japanese Islands and
the
late--
comers or immigrants. The immigrants, whose beliefs were patriarchal,
were vital contributors to
the
shaping of] apanese economic and political
patterns. Yet the indigenous population preserved matrilineal practices
on
the
lower levels of island society. There is no doubt that conflict
over such practices yielded the tale in which
a
wrathful goddess could
not be appeased until a priest was selected from among her own people
and
a shrine established in her honor.
This volume was planned initially as
a
continuation of
my
translation
of
afudoki
published as
a
Monumenta Nipponica monograph, under the
title
Izumo fudoki,
by Sophia University in
1971.
Since that time, how,
ever) many discoveries have been made in the fields of archaeology,
anthropology, geography, and history. These discoveries warranted
a
new translation of the
Izumo fudoki
(lZU). Thus,
this volume includes
translations of all five extant "old
fudoki,"
namely, the
Hitachi
fudoki
(HIT),
Izumo fudoki, Harima fudoki
(HAR) ,
Bunge) fudoki
(BUN),
and
°
Hizen
fudoki
(HIZ).
Acknowledgments are due to Monutnenta
Nipponica~
the publisher
of the first translation of the
Izumo
Fudoki,
for permiSSion to use the
information contained in that book. I am grateful to Professors Gary
L.
Ebersole of the University of Chicago Divinity School, Robert S.
Ellwood of the UniverSity of Southern California,
W
Wayne Farris of
the University of Tennessee, Joan R. Piggott of Cornell University, Paul
S. Ropp of Clark University, Stefan Tanaka of the University of Cali ..
[ornia at San Diego) and Conrad Totman of Yale University for their
unwavering interest in
the
early history of Japan. Their encourage ..
ment and support were vital to the publication of this work. I am also
indebted to the Higgins School of Humanities and the Research Board
.
of Clark University whose financial support allowed me to prepare the
.
Nature of the
Fudoki
In 708, news reached the Imperial Court that Chichibu District of the
eastern province of M usashi had produced copper ingots. This auspi--
cious achievement prompted the central government to adopt the
word
wado
(harmonious copper) as a new era name and to establish
the first large--scale Japanese mint. Subsequently, in
710,
the seat of
the imperial government was moved to Nara, or Heijo Kyo, the layout
of which closely resembled that of China's capital, Chang .. an. Before
long the Japanese government decided to begin collecting local infor..
mation for administrative purposes. The documents collected under
x
Xl

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