Science - January 2 2015.pdf

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CONTENTS

2 JA N UA RY 2 0 1 5 • V O LU M E 3 47 • I S S U E 6 2 17

26 & 67

How fat cells kill

Stap

Staphylococcus aureus

CONUNDRUM OF JUMBLED

MOSQUITO GENOMES

Multiple

Anopheles

mosquito genome

sequences reveal extreme levels of

mixing

By A. G. Clark and P. W. Messer

▶

RESEARCH ARCTICLES PP. 42 & 43

CONSTRUCTION AND

DECONSTRUCTION OF ALDEHYDES BY

TRANSFER HYDROFORMYLATION

A soluble rhodium catalyst converts

alkenes to aldehydes without the

need for toxic or explosive gas-phase

reactants

By C. R. Landis

▶

REPORT P. 56

PERSISTERS UNMASKED

Intracellular toxins cause bacterial

growth arrest and antibiotic tolerance

By D. W. Holden

LYSOSOMAL LIPID LENGTHENS

LIFE SPAN

A fatty acid moves from the lysosome

to the nucleus, altering gene expression

and extending longevity in the worm

NEWS

IN BRIEF

FEATURES

By S. Han and A. Brunet

▶

REPORT P. 83

EXODUS FROM THE EAST

Thousands of scientists—along with

entire universities—have fled war-torn

eastern Ukraine. Others have staked

their futures on the breakaway

republics

By R. Stone

Ukraine mourns a lost science jewel

By R. Stone

REBOOTING MOOC RESEARCH

Improve assessment, data sharing, and

experimental design

By J. Reich

▶

PODCAST

Roundup of the week’s news

IN DEPTH

BOOKS

ET AL.

INCHING TOWARD THE 3D GENOME

Maps of DNA’s loops and folds

advance—but may disagree

By E. Pennisi

THE SOCIAL MACHINE

INFLAMMATION’S STOP SIGNALS

Inflammation doesn’t just peter out.

The body actively shuts it down,

using signals that researchers hope to

transform into therapies

By M. Leslie

By J. Donath, reviewed by J. Golbeck

LINES IN THE ICE

P. Hatfield and T. Harper, curators;

reviewed by J. Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink

GEOSCIENTISTS AIM TO MAGNIFY

SPECIALIZED WEB SEARCHING

National Science Foundation project,

GeoLink, could become search hub

for the geoscience community

By J. You

INSIGHTS

LETTERS

THE BAD LUCK OF CANCER

Analysis suggests most cases can’t

be prevented

By J. Couzin-Frankel

▶

REPORT P. 78

NEXTGEN’S COURSE CATALOG

PERSPECTIVES

TARGETS OF MISCONDUCT PROBE

LAUNCH A LEGAL COUNTERATTACK

Heart researchers claim inquiry

damaged their careers and

derailed the sale of stem cell

company

By K. Servick

2 JANUARY 2015 • VOL 347 ISSUE 6217

KILLER FAT

Adipocytes in the skin release an

antimicrobial factor to fight

staphylococcus infection

By J. F. Alcorn and J. K. Kolls

▶

REPORT P. 67

sciencemag.org

SCIENCE

Published by AAAS

Elo

Elongating proteins

wit

without mRNA

32 & 83

Signals f

from the

lysosome regulate aging

RESEARCH

IN BRIEF

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Rh-catalyzed C–C bond cleavage

by transfer hydroformylation

S. K. Murphy

et al.

▶

PERSPECTIVE P. 29

From

Science

and other journals

REVIEW

REACTION DYNAMICS

Extremely short-lived reaction

resonances in Cl + HD (v = 1)

→

DCl + H

due to chemical bond softening

T. Yang

et al.

2D MATERIALS

Graphene, related two-dimensional

crystals, and hybrid systems for

energy conversion and storage

F. Bonaccorso

et al.

REVIEW SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT:

dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1246501

BACTERIAL EVOLUTION

The type VI secretion system of

Vibrio

cholerae

fosters horizontal gene transfer

S. Borgeaud

et al.

RESEARCH ARTICLES

INNATE IMMUNITY

Dermal adipocytes protect against

invasive

Staphylococcus aureus

skin

infection

L. Zhang

et al.

▶

PERSPECTIVE P. 26

MOSQUITO GENOMICS

Extensive introgression in a

malaria vector species complex

revealed by phylogenomics

M. C. Fontaine

et al.

RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL

TEXT: dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1258524

DEPARTMENTS

EDITORIAL

Data, eternal

By Marcia McNutt

VIRUS STRUCTURE

Structure and inhibition of EV-D68, a

virus that causes respiratory illness in

children

Y. Liu

et al.

WORKING LIFE

My liberation through science

By Mary Poffenroth

Highly evolvable malaria vectors:

The genomes of 16

Anopheles

mosquitoes

D. E. Neafsey

et al.

RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL

TEXT: dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1258522

▶

PERSPECTIVE P. 27

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Rqc2p and 60S ribosomal subunits

mediate mRNA-independent elongation

of nascent chains

P. S. Shen

et al.

ON THE COVER

Colored scanning

electron micrograph

of the mouthparts of

a female

Anopheles

gambiae

mosquito.

Sheathed in a scaly

lower lip ending in two

hairy lobes (blue) are

a pair of saw-toothed

stylets (green) used to cut into the skin.

Because only female

Anopheles

blood feed,

only females transmit malaria—a disease

that claims the lives of more than half a

million children each year. See pages 27, 42,

and 43.

Image: Science Photo Library

Science

Staff ..................................................6

New Products ............................................... 87

Science

Careers ...........................................88

STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY

Mechanistic insight from the crystal

structure of mitochondrial complex I

V. Zickermann

et al.

CANCER ETIOLOGY

Variation in cancer risk among

tissues can be explained by the number

of stem cell divisions

C. Tomasetti and B. Vogelstein

▶

NEWS STORY P. 12

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Nanomole-scale high-throughput

chemistry for the synthesis of

complex molecules

A. Buitrago Santanilla

et al.

REPORTS

MUTAGENESIS

Smoking is associated with

mosaic loss of chromosome Y

J. P. Dumanski

et al.

AGING

Lysosomal signaling molecules regulate

longevity in

Caenorhabditis elegans

A. Folick

et al.

▶

PERSPECTIVE P. 32

QUANTUM OPTICS

Quantum harmonic oscillator state

synthesis by reservoir engineering

D. Kienzler

et al.

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sciencemag.org

2 JANUARY 2015 • VOL 347 ISSUE 6217

Published by AAAS

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Science

serves as a forum for discussion of important issues related to the advancement of science by publishing material on which a consensus has

been reached as well as including the presentation of minority of conflicting points of view. Accordingly, all articles published in

Science—including

editorials, news and comment, and books reviews—are signed and reflect the individual views of the authors and not official points of view adopted by

AAAS or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated.

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

See pages 680 and 681 of the 7 February 2014 issue or access www.sciencemag.org/about/authors

BOOK REVIEW BOARD

David Bloom,

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Samuel Bowring,

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Angela Creager,

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Richard Shweder,

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Ed Wasserman,

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2 JANUARY 2015 • VOL 347 ISSUE 6217

sciencemag.org

SCIENCE

Published by AAAS

EDITORIAL

Data, eternal

Marcia McNutt

Editor-in-Chief

Science

Journals

“…interpretations come and go,

but data are forever.”

IMAGES: (INSET) EVIRGEN/ISTOCKPHOTO.COM: (RIGHT) STACEY PENTLAND PHOTOGRAPHY

– Marcia McNutt

10.1126/science.aaa5057

SCIENCE

sciencemag.org

2 JANUARY 2015 • VOL 347 ISSUE 6217

Published by AAAS

Downloaded from

www.sciencemag.org

on January 1, 2015

uring 2014,

Science

worked with members of

the research community, other publishers, and

representatives of funding agencies on many

initiatives to increase transparency and pro-

mote reproducibility in the published research

literature. Those efforts will continue in 2015.

Connected to that progress, and an essential

element to its success, an additional focus will be on

making data more open,

easier to access, more dis-

coverable, and more thor-

oughly documented. My

own commitment to these

goals is deeply held, for I

learned early in my career

that interpretations come

and go, but data are forever.

During my qualifying

exam to advance to Ph.D.

candidacy, I drew a chalk-

board cartoon of a then-new

concept: that the weight of

recently erupted oceanic

volcanoes could elastically

deform the surrounding

seafloor, creating a deep de-

pression and surrounding

flexural arch. Afterward, H.

W. Menard, the great ma-

rine geologist and a mem-

ber of my exam committee,

spread out a map of the Pa-

cific. He pointed out places

where there were older

coral atolls (which marked former stands of sea level)

that were either now uplifted or drowned in the vicin-

ity of younger volcanoes. Using the distance from the

young volcano to the atoll and the amount of uplift or

depression, we were able to calibrate the long-term flex-

ural strength of the Pacific seafloor under the weight of

the volcanic loading. It was of no matter that Menard

had published a paper years earlier using a subset of the

uplifted atolls to argue for another hypothesis, which

he now happily discarded in favor of the flexural warp-

ing one. It occurred to me that there was no database

of “drowned and uplifted atolls” that one could access.

Menard’s prior publication provided only a biased sam-

pling of all occurrences. Had he not been on my exam

committee, that unique set of observations to constrain

the flexural rigidity might never have presented itself.

Data, particularly those collected with public funding,

should be used so that they do the most good. When the

greatest number of creative and insightful minds can

find, access, and understand the essential features that

led to the collection of a data set, the data reach their

highest potential. Although the situation has improved

some four decades after my student days in terms of the

number of public data repositories, requirements for

making data available, and

metadata standards, there

is still a long way to go. So

what can

Science

do to help

in this regard, given that it

covers many disciplines but

is not deeply embedded in

any one field?

There are many publicly

and privately funded data

repositories worldwide, not

all of which are being used

to their full potential. In

2015, we want to work with

authors and readers to iden-

tify which of those reposito-

ries

Science

should promote

because they are well man-

aged, have long-term sup-

port, and are responsive to

community needs. For data

that do not neatly fit into

large-scale repositories, we

will explore other available

options. We also will evalu-

ate different ways to tag data

sets and integrate such tagging into our peer-review pro-

cess. For example, one might associate a digital identifier

for a data set with a figure in a paper. A reviewer could

use such an identifier to find the particular data that are

related to the figure. The hope is to work with reposi-

tories that allow bidirectional tagging so that it is easy

for someone—a reviewer or reader—to identify the data

used in a

Science

paper.

Along with improving the “discoverability” of data

sets,

Science

hopes to inspire creative ways to visualize

data sets to improve the communication of information

and concepts and even facilitate the discoverability of

new phenomena. What happens when you bring to-

gether those who collect large data sets with those who

develop the tools to analyze and view them? Stay tuned!

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