Neuroanatomy and physiological workbook.pdf

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Wessex Neurological Centre
Neuro-anatomy & Physiology Workbook
Sarah Irwin, Senior Sister NICU, SUHT &
Rachel Palmer, Lecturer Practitioner Neurosciences (SUHT & School of Health
Professionals, University of Southampton
2008
Index:
Chapter
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
References
Content
Cells of the Nervous System
Cranial Bones
The Meninges
The Ventricular System
The Cerebral Circulation
The Cerebrum
The Cerebellum
The Brain Stem
The Cranial Nerves
The Spine and Spinal Cord
The Autonomic System
Page
4
8
9
10
12
16
20
21
23
27
33
36
2
INTRODUCTION
This Neuroanatomy and physiology workbook is designed to guide and develop your
understanding in relation to the neuroscience patient and hence expand your underpinning
knowledge base, which is essential to manage the variety of neurological conditions that you
will see. This workbook is intended for use by both pre and post-qualified staff. The workbook
will lead you through the variety of neurology subsystems. At various points through the book
there are questions to answer and diagrams to label. Marieb (2007) is the core anatomy and
physiology text used, which corresponds to local undergraduate pre-registration and learning
beyond registration curriculum’s at the University of Southampton. A recommended reading list
is provided.
3
1. Cells Of The Nervous System
There are two main types of cells in the nervous system:
Neuroglia
and
Neurons.
1.1 Neuroglia cells
The function of neuroglia cells is to ensure structural support, nourishment and neuron
protection. There are six types of Neuroglia cells: -
•
•
•
•
•
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependyma
Microglia
Schwann
What is the role of each of these neuroglia cells? (write in the space above)
They are a major source of tumours due to their ability to divide by mitosis.
1.2 Neurons
Neurons (see Fig 1.1) are the fundamental functional units of the nervous system. They have
several roles: -
•
•
•
React to chemical and sensory stimuli
Conduct the impulses
Emit specific chemical regulators.
The Neuron is composed of: -
The cell body:
It is composed of the nucleus (containing DNA and RNA) and the cell
membrane (which controls the movement of molecules between the cell and the surrounding
environment). It also contains cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, nissl bodies, Golgi apparatus,
mitochondria, lysosomes and neurotubules.
The cell processes
are composed of the dendrites and cell axon. The dendrites carry impulses
from another neuron to the cell body and impulses then travel down the axon.
Axons can either be myelinated (an insulating sheath that aids impulse conduction) or
unmyelinated. Schwann cells form the myelin sheath.
What other structures are located on the axon?
4
Figure 1.1 : A Myelinated Neuron
(from Marieb 2007 pp 392)
The junctions between one neuron and the next where impulses are transmitted consist of a
pre-synaptic terminal, synaptic cleft and the postsynaptic membrane
1.3 Nerve Impulse Generation
The neuron undergoes a variety of changes in order to transmit an impulse. The
resting
potential
of the neuron is a state where no impulse is being initiated. The membrane has
different levels of potassium and sodium on either side which results in a charge difference of -
70mV. The membrane is semi permeable. The interstitial space (outside the cell) has higher
levels of sodium and chloride. Within the cell greater levels of potassium occur. Both these
voltage gates are shut in the resting state. A pump mechanism moves the ions from high to low
concentrations.
The
Action potential
of the neuron allows the transmission of an impulse. A stimulus changes
the cell permeability to ions and this results in a change in the membrane potential. An impulse
is conducted and an action potential is generated. There are three phases:
Describe what occurs during these three phases.
o
Depolarizing Phase:
o
Repolarizing Phase:
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