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HISTORY
or NATIONS
RUSSIA
POLAND
THE HISTORY OF NATIONS
1
HENRY CABOT LODGE,PKD.I.L.D.,EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
RUSSIA"*” POLAND
by
WILLIAM RICHARD MORFILL.M A
Oxford University
Revised and Edited
by
CHARLES EDMUND FRYER PhD
Instructor in History
McGill University
Volume xv
Illustrated
The I I . W . S n o w a n d S o n C o m p a n y
CT
1
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THE HISTORY OF NATIONS
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
HENRY CABOT LODGE, PLD., L.L.D.
Associate Editors and Authors
ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, LL.D.,
Professor of Assyriology, Oxford Uni­
versity
SIR ROBERT K. DOUGLAS,
Professor of Chinese, King’s College, Lon­
don
JEREMIAH WHIPPLE JENKS, Ph.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Political Economy and Pol­
itics, Cornell University
KANICHI ASAKAWA, Ph.D.,
Instructor in the History of Japanese
Civilization, Yale University
WILFRED HAROLD MUNRO, Ph.D.,
Professor of European History, Brown
University
G. MERCER ADAM,
Historian and Editor
ARTHUR C. HOWLAND, Ph.D.,
Department of History, University of Penn­
FRED MORROW FLING, Ph.D.,
sylvania
Professor of European History, University
of Nebraska
CHARLES MERIVALE, LL.D.,
Late Dean of Ely, formerly Lecturer In
History, Cambridge University
FRANCOIS AUGUSTE MARIE MIGNET,
Late Member of the French Academy
JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSON, Ph.D.,
Department of History, University of
Chicago
SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, LL.D.,
Professor of Modern History, King’s Col­
lege, London
R. W. JOYCE, LL.D.,
Commissioner for the Publication of the
Ancient Laws of Ireland
CHRISTOPHER JOHNSTON, M.D., Ph.D.,
Associate Professor of Oriental History and
Archaeology, Johns Hopkins University
C. W. C. OMAN, LL.D.,
Professor of History, Oxford University
THEODOR MOMMSEN,
Late Professor of Ancient History. Uni­
versity of Berlin
J HIGGINSON CABOT, Ph.D.,
Department of History, Wellesley College
SIR WILLIAM W. HUNTER, F.R.S.,
Late Director-General of Statistics in India
GEORGE M. DUTCHER, Ph.D.,
Professor of History, Wesleyan University
vi
ASSOCIATE EDITORS AND AUTHORS-Continued
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.
ll d
..
Author and Historian
PAUL LOUIS LEGER,
Professor of the Slav Languages, C6llege
de France
WILLIAM E. LINGLEBACH, Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor of European History.
University of Pennsylvania
BAYARD TAYLOR,
Former United States Minister to Germany
SIDNEY B. FAY, Ph.D.,
Professor of History, Dartmouth College
J. SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D.,
President Royal Geographical Society
ALBERT GALLOWAY KELLER, Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor of the Science of So­
ciety, Yale University
EDWARD JAMES PAYNE, M.A.,
Fellow of University College, Oxford
PHILIP PATTERSON WELLS, Ph.D.,
Lecturer in History and Librarian of the
Law School, Yale University
AUGUSTUS HUNT SHEARER, Ph.D..
Instructor in History. Trinity College*
Hartford
W. HAROLD CLAFLIN, B.A.,
Department of History, Harvard Uni­
versity
CHARLES DANDLIKER, LL.D-,
President of Zurich University
ELBERT JAY BENTON. Ph.D.,
Department of History, Western Reserve
University
SIR EDWARD S. CREASY,
Late Professor of History, University Col­
lege. London
ARCHIBALD CARY COOLIDGE, Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor of History, Harvard
University
WILLIAM RICHARD MORFILL, M.A.,
Professor of Russian and other Slavonic
Languages, Oxford University
FREDERICK ALBION OBER,
CHARLES EDMUND FRYER, Ph.D.,
Historian, Author and Traveler
JAMES WILFORD GARNER, Ph.D.,
Department of History, McGill University
E. C. OTTE,
Specialist on Scandinavian History
EDWARD S. CORWIN, Ph.D.,
Professor of Political Science, University
of Illinois
JOHN BACH McMASTER, Litt.D., LL.D.,
Instructor in History, Princeton Uni­
versity
Professor of History. University of Penn
sylvania
JAMES LAMONT PERKINS. Manafin* Editor
The editors and publishers desire to express their appreciation for valuable
advice and suggestions received from the following:
I I
o n
. A
n d r e w
D.
W
h i t e
.
I.L.D.,
A
l f r e d
T
h a y e r
M
a h a n
,
D.C.L., LL.I).,
H
o n
. C
h a r l e s
E
m o r y
S
m i t h
,
LL.I).,
P
r o f e s s o r
LL.D.,
D
r
.
.M
mitin
E
mil
V
incent
,
E
dward
R
eich
,
G
aylord
W
illiam
B
ourne
,
Ph.D.,
C
h a r l e s
F.
T
iiwing
,
E
lliot
Ph.D., LL.D.,
M
e l v i l
LL.D.,
P
r o f e s s o r
J
o h n
D
e w e y
,
LL.D.,
A
l s t o n
E
l l i s
,
LL.D.,
G
riffis
,
P
r o f e s s o r
C
h a r l e s
II.
M
c
C
a r t h y
,
Ph.D.,
P
r o f e s s o r
H
e r m a n
V . A
m e s
Ph.D.,
P
r o f e s s o r
W
a l t e r
L.
F
l e m i n g
,
Ph.D.,
P
r o f e s s o r
D
a v i d
Y . T
i i o m a s
,
Ph D.,
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r
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t t o
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D
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.
vii
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