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The GNU C Library Reference Manual
The GNU C Library
Reference Manual
Sandra Loosemore
with
Richard M. Stallman, Roland McGrath, Andrew Oram, and Ulrich Drepper
for version 2.19
This file documents the GNU C Library.
This is
The GNU C Library Reference Manual,
for version 2.19.
Copyright c 1993–2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of
the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being “Free Software Needs Free
Documentation” and “GNU Lesser General Public License”, the Front-Cover texts being
“A GNU Manual”, and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is
included in the section entitled
"GNU
Free Documentation License".
(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU
manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in developing GNU and promoting software
freedom.”
i
Short Contents
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15
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Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Error Reporting
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Character Handling
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
String and Array Utilities
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
Character Set Handling
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
127
Locales and Internationalization
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
169
Message Translation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
187
Searching and Sorting
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
211
Pattern Matching
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
221
Input/Output Overview
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
241
Input/Output on Streams
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
246
Low-Level Input/Output
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
321
File System Interface
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
371
Pipes and FIFOs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
417
Sockets
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
422
Low-Level Terminal Interface
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
470
Syslog
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
497
Mathematics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
504
Arithmetic Functions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
552
Date and Time
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
588
Resource Usage And Limitation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
623
Non-Local Exits
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
645
Signal Handling
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
654
The Basic Program/System Interface
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
699
Processes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
743
Job Control
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
755
System Databases and Name Service Switch
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
774
Users and Groups
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
783
System Management
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
813
System Configuration Parameters
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
830
DES Encryption and Password Handling
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
851
Debugging support
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
858
POSIX Threads
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
861
Internal probes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
863
Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin