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Volume3
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26
CONTENTS
Axis
Tanks
of World War
[TvzSSlighttank
II
502
502
TNHP-Slishttuk
Panzerkampfwagen
I
light
tark
Consultant
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Forces
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acknowledgements
AxisTrrrl(s
of
Wb
d\[hrll
By
the
end
of
World
War
I
the
tat*
was
a
fatniliar
sight
on
the
battlefield;
it
tookthe power
of the Getman
Blihkriegto
conuince conventional
military
thi*ing
that
the
tanJr,
aurrd
more
importanily
its method of
tse,
can have
a
profouttd
effectuponthe
outcome
of
abattle.
Although Italy
and Japan
produced
signrficant numbers
of tanks
before
and
during World War
II, it
is the
German
tanks
which are best known.
At
the
outbreak
of
the
war
the
Panzerkampfwagen
(PzKpfw)
I
and
PzKpfw II
were
the
most
common models, but
within
a
few years
these
had been
phased out
ol
service and replaced
by
the
PzKpfw
III
and
PzKpfw
IV.
The Iatter had the
distinctron
of remaining
in
production
throughout
the
war.
It
was
an
excellent design
that
proved
to
be capable
of
being
upgn:nned
and uparmoured
to
meet the
changrng
battlefleld
threat. The Panther and
Tiger arrived
on
the scene towards the end
of
the
war, but these could
not
be
produced
in anything
like
the
required
numbers
as a
result
of
shortages in materlals and manpower and ol the
effectiveness
of
A-llied
bombing
on
German
plants, even though many
of
these had
been dispersed early
in the
war,
The Panther and
Tigerwere
rushed into production without
proper
trials, however, and many
were
lost
during their initial deployments
as
a
result
of
mechanical
breakdown
German
infantry
and
III in
the
invasion
popular
belief,
itwas
the
andnot
a
Panzer
USSR
during
the
of
1
94
L Contrary to
methods
the
Germans
used
the
size
and
number
of
their
tan
ks which
br ought
them their
early victories.
its
flanks and
attacked
it
from
its
more
vulnerable
sides.
Towards
the
of
World
War
II
Germany
turned
its attention
to producing more
ar-j
more tank destroyers
as
by
that time
the
German army was
on
'i:
defensive, and these vehicles
were quicker,
easier and cheaper
::
produce
than tanks such
as
the
Panther
and
Tiger.
While
some
of
the Italian tanks
were fairly modern in
1939,
by
the
eni
part of
Italy's
war
they had become completely
obsolete.
The
bei:e:
armed
and
armoured
P
40
heavy tank
never entered service wtth
Lhe
Italian
army,
although a
few
were
taken
over
by
the
Germans,
Japan used tanks
during
the invasion
of
China
before
World
War II
as
well
as
during
the Far Eastern campaigns
from I941
As few
Allled AF\:s
were
avaiiable
at that
time
the Japanese
vehicles
were
quite adequare
the
more
so as
their prlmary role
was infantry
fire
support
rather
tha:-
tank-against-tank operations,
Czech tanks
are included,
as
many
were
subsequently taken over
b-,-
the
Germans
during the
invasion
of France
in
Ig40
and remained
r-
production
in
Czechoslovakia
after
rts
occupation.
The
years
of
WorldWar
II saw a phenomenal
development
in
armoured
fighting
vehicles ,
and
by
the
time of
the
Ardennes offensive Germany was
fielding
theenormously powertulK6nigstiger,
kn
ownto
theAllies
ai
the,Royal
ear-_,-
rather than
direct
enemy action. The
Tiger
was
in
particular a very
heavy tank and
lacked mobility
on
the
battlefieid.
Its
armour
protection
and
g'un
were first
class,
and
this
tank
proved
a
difficult
one
to
destroy
on
both the
Eastern
and Western
Fronts, Often
four
Shermans
would be
required
to
neutralize
just one Tiger: two would
try
and draw its
fire,
often
being
knocked
out
in
the
process,
while
the others
worked
round
Tiger'.
Ff
if
il"ir^$s
hsht
tank
In
October
1934
the
Czech
army
placed
an
order
for two
prototypes
ofa
medium tank called the
S-11-a
(or
T-
Il)
which
were
completed in
the fol-
lowing year, Army trials with
these
vehicles started in June
1935
and
soon
uncovered
many faults
as a
resuit
ofthe
tank's rushed development,
Without
waiting
for these faults to
be
corrected
an
order
was
placed
for
a
fxst batch
of
160
vehicles in October
1935,
and the
irst tve
ofthese
were delivered
in
the
follomng year,
So
many faults were
found
with
these vehicles that
these
were
returned to
Skoda
for
modifica-
tions,
A
further batch
of
l3B
was
ordered for
the
Czech army, which
called
it
the LT
vz
35,
while
Romania
ordered
126
under
the designation
R-
2.
Gradually most
of the
faults
were
overcome
and the vehicle
gained
a
Qtood
reputation.
The
Germans took
over the remaining vehicles under the
desigmation
Paruerkampfwagen
35(t),
and
a
further
219
were built
specifical-
ly
for the
German
army in the
Skoda
works,
Such
was the shodage
of
tanks
in the
Germanarmyat
that trme that
the
6th Panzer Divrsion was
equipped
with
the PzKpfw
35(t)
in
trme to
take part
in
the
urvasion of
France
in
1940,
These
continued
in
service
until
1942
when
most
of
these
were
converted
rnto
other roles such as
mofiar
tractors
(German designation
Morserzugmil
te1),
artillery
tractors
(German de-
stgrnation
Zuglaaftwagen)
or
marnte-
nance
vehicles
wrth tank battalions, It
is
often not
realized
that Czechoslova-
armoured vehicles and
artillery pnme
The
hull
of
the
LT vz
35
was of
riv-
eted
construction that
varied
rr
tluck-
ness
from
12mm (0,47tn)
to
a
max-
imum
of 35mm
(1,38in), The
bow
machine-gunner was
seated
at
the
front
ofthe vehrcle
on
the left and
oper-
ated
the
732-mm
(0.31-in) ZB
vz
35
or
37
machine-gnln,
with
the
dnver
to
hs
right,
The
commander/grunner
and
loader/radio operator were
seated in
the two-man turret in the
cenue
of
the
hull, Main
armament consisted
of
a
37.2-mm
Skoda
vz
34 qnin
vnth a
7,92-
mm
(0,31-rn) ZB
35
or
37
machhe-gnrn
mounted co-axially to the
dght,
Totals
of72 rounds of37
mm
and
1,800
rounds
of machine-gmn
ammunition
were
car-
ried.
The engine
and
transmission
were
at the
rear
of
the
hull, the trans-
mission havrng one
reverse
and six
for-
ward
gears. The
suspension
on
each
srde consisted
of eight
small
road
wheels (two
per
bogie),
with
the
drive
sprocket at the rear, and rdier
at the
front; there
were
four
track-retum rol-
lers.
that the
transmission
and
steering
were
assisted
by
compressed
air
to
An
unusual feah:re of
the tank
was
Czechoslovakia
provided
many
of
lie
lanks
used
bytheWehrmachtin
the battle
for
France.
The
Pz
35(t)
equipped
the 6th
Panzer Division
in
that campaigm,
and
some
tanks
continu
ed
in
s
eruice
until
I
I
4
2.
kia
was
a
leading
exporter
of
movers before
World War
Ii,
with
sales
made
to
Austria,
Bulgarra, Hun-
gary,
I:atvia, Peru, Romania,
Sweden,
Switzerland
and
T\rrkey,
reduce driver
fatigue,
so
enabling the
tank
to travel long
distances
at
high
speed.
Problems
were
encountered
with
these
systems
when the
tanks
were
operated by the Germans
on
the
Eastem Front because
ofthe very low
temperatures
encountered,
wrdth
(7ft3in)
2.
159
m
(7
ft
I
in);
height
2,209
m
Powerplant:
one Skoda
six-cylinder
water-cooled petrol engine
developing
120
hp
(89
k\
Specification
LT
vz 35
Crew:4
weisht:
10500
ks
(23, 148
tb)
Performance:
maximum road
speed
40
kn/h
(25
mph);
maxrmumrange
193
km
(
120
miles); fording
0,8
m
(3
ft
4
in);
gradient
60
per
cent;
vertical
obstacle
0,782 m (2
fi
7
in);
trench
D
Dimensions: length4,9
m
(16
ft
1
in);
L9B1m(6ft6in)
E
iti"ri"pjs
rght
tank
In
1937
the international
srtuation
was
rapidly
deteriorating, so
the
Czech
army
issued a
requirement for
a new
Used
by
two
Panzer Divisions
in
I 940
,
the
PzKpfw 38(t)
was in
production
for
the
German
army until
I
942.
The
basic
cfiassrs
sra s
later
used
for
a
num ber
of
S
P
artil lery
conver sions.
termined that
the
troubles
encoun-
lack
oftesting,
would
not
be repeated,
Skoda
entered
its
S-1]-a and
S-11-b,
Iight tank. This time the army was de-
tered with the
LT vz
35
light
tank
when
it
entered service, resulting from
a
while
CKD entered an LT vz
35
with
the
engdne
and
transmission
of
the
TNH
tank,
the
LTL,
the
TNH
P-S
(already
produced
for
export)
as
well
called
the
V-B-
H.
Dwinq
the extensive trials the TNH
P-S
was
found to
be
the best
desigm
as
a
new medium tank
a:d
on
I luly
saldard
light
tank of
the
Czech army
1938
was adopted
as
the
'::der
the
desigrnation
LT vz
38,
but
::::re
had
entered servrce
at
the
time
of
-:e
German occupation
in
1939,
The
;e::cle
remained
Paruerkampfwagen
38(t)
Ausf
S
to Pzl(pfw
38(t)
Ausf G.
(r4us-
---.:'.-.':g
is
the
German
word
for
model
:::::ark)
The Germans
also
exported
€:
;::::cles
to
Slovalea,
102
to
Hungary,
:l
::
F.:mama
and
10
to Bulgaria, Dur-
'-;
-::
::r"rasion of
France
the tank
was
',.=a
cr
ihe
7th
and
Bth
Panzer Divi-
*::-s
--C
conturued
in
service as
a
=::e
:r=;mation
in
production
for
the
3e:rnan army betvveen
1939
and
1942,
than
1,400
being
butlt
under
the
The hull
and
turret of the
vehicle
were ofriveted
construction,
the top
of
the
superstructwe
being bolted
into
position. Mimmum armour thicloess
was
l0
mm
(0,4
in)
and
maximum
thickness
25
mm
(1
in),
although from
the Ausf
E
this was
increased
to
5O
mm
(I.96 in). The
driver
was seated
at
the
front
of the tank on the
right, with
the
bow
machine-gnmner
to
his left
and
operating
the
7.92-mm
(0.3i-in)
MG
37(t) machine-enrn, The
two-man
turret
was in the
centre
of
the
hull
and
armed
with
a
37,2-mm Skoda
A7
gnrn,
which
could
fire
both
armour-piercing
and
HE
rounds
with
an elevation
of +12'
and
a
depressron of
-6'.
Mounted co-
axal
with
and to the
right
of the main
-;:-:
:a:t
imtl
armament was another
7.92-mm
(0,31-
in)
machine-gnrn. Totals
of 90
rounds
of
37-mm
and
2,S50-rounds
of
machine-
gnrn
ammunition
were carried.
The
en-
gine
was at
the rear of
the
hull
and
coupled
to
a
transmrssion
with
one
re-
verse and five
forward
gears.
Suspen-
sion on each side
consisted
of
four
1941-2.
large rubber-tyred
road wheels
sus-
TNH
P-S
light tank (continued)
pended
in
pairs on leaf
springrs,
with
the
drive sprocket
at
the front and
tdler
at
the rear,
and
with two track-retum
rollers.
Armed
Forces
of
the
World
Switzerland
in
1946-7
under the
de-
signation
G-13, These
were
finally
withdrawn from servrce
in
the
late
1960s,
When
outclassed as
a tank
the
PzKpfw
3B(t)
was
widely
used
as
a
re-
connaissance
vehicle, and
the
Ger-
mans
even fitted
some chassis
with the
turret
of
the
SdKfz
222light
armoured
car complete with
its 20-mm
cannon,
The chassts
of
the
light
tank was also
used
as
the basis for
a
large number of
vehicles including the Marder
tank
destroyer, whrch
was
fitted
with
a
new
superstructure
armed
with
75-mm
(2,95-in) anti-tank
gun,
various
self-
Specification
TNHP-S
Crew:4
Weight
9700
kg
(21,385
lb)
Dimensiors: length
4,546
m
(
14
ft
I
I
in);
width
2,
133
m
(7
ft
0
in);
heisht
2,311m(7ft7in)
Powerplant:
one Praga EPA
sx-
cylinder
water-cooled inline
petrol
engine
developinq
150
hp
(112
kW)
Performance: maximum
road
speed
42
lcn/h(26
mph);
maximumrange
200
lcn
(125
miles);
fording0,9
m
(3 ft);
gnadient
60
per
cent;
vertrcal obstacle
0.787
m
(2 ft
7
in);
trench
1,879 m (6
ft
2
in)
A
PzKpfw 38(t)
during
the
invasion
of
France;
the 7th
and
Bth
Panzer
Divrsrbns used
the
tank. The
comm
ander
of the
7
th D
ivision
became well
known
later
in
the
war
his
namewas
Rommel
propelled
1S-cm
(5,9-in) quns,
a
20-mm
self-propelled
anti-aircraft
gnrr,
sever-
al
tlpes
of weapons
carriers and
the
Hetzer
tank destroyer, to
name just
a
few. The
last was
armed
rmth
a
75-mm
(2,95-in)
gmn
in
a
fully enclosed
fighting
compartment
with limited
traverse,
andwas considered by manyto
be one
of
the
best
vehicles
of its
type during
World
War
i].
A total
of
2,584
was
built
between
1944
and
1945,
and produc-
tion
continued
after the
war
for
the
Czech
army,
a
further
l5B
being
sold to
-
ffi
ln
1933
ii""L"ttampfwaetren
I
lisrht
tank
the
German
Army
Weapons
a
Department
issued
requirement
for
a
light
armoured vehicle werghing
ab-
out
5O0Okg
(11,025Ib)
that could
be
used
for training puposes, and
five
companies subsequentlay
built
pro-
totype vehicles. After trials the
fumy
Weapons Department accepted
the
Krupp design
for
further development,
the design company being
responsi-
ble
for the
chassis
and
Daimler-Benz
for the
superstructwe.
To conceal the
real
use
of
the vehicle the
Army
Weapons Department calied
the
vehi-
cle
the Landwirtschiftlicher
Schlep-
per
(industrial tractor), The first batch
of
150
vehicles
was
ordered
from
menced
in
July
1934
under the
de-
Henschel.
and production
com-
Ausf A
and
powered
by
a
Krupp
M
305
petrol
engdne
developinq
only
57hp
(42
kW).
There
were
problems
wrth
the
engine,
however,
and the
next-
batch Ausf
B
had
a
more
powerful
en-
gnne
which
meant that
the hull
had
to
be longer
and
an
additional
roadwheel
added
on
each side,
This
model
was
a
little heavrer,
but
its
more
powerfir.l en-
gdne
gave it
a
maximum road speed
of
40
l<rr/h
(25
mph).
This
entered
ser-
vice
in
1935
under the
designation
of
the PzKpfw
l(MG)
(SdKfz
I0I)
Ausf
B,
signation PzKpfw
(MG)
(SdKfz
l0l)
Most
of
the vehicles
were built
by
model remained in service
longer.
Once the
light
tank was obsolete
its
chassls
underwent
conversion
to
other
roles, and one
ofthe
flrst ofthese
was
the
Munitions-Schlepper
used to
carry
ammunition
and
other valuable
car-
goes.
For
the antr-tank
role the
chassis
was
fitted
with
captured Czech
47-mm
anti-tank
gmns
on top
of
the
superstruc-
ture
with limited
traverse.
These
were
Above:
TWo
PzKpfw
Is
and a
heavier
PzKpfw
III in
France
in
1940.
523
of
the
little
light
tanks
were
used
in
the
campaign,
in
spite
of
their
unsuitability
for
combat.
Right:
The
PzKpfw I
was
heavily
involved
in
the
Polish
campaigm
after
its
operational debut
in
theSpanish
duction being achieved
in
1935
when
over
800
vehicles
were
completed.
The
Panzerkampfwagen
I
was flrst
used operationally in the
Spanish
Civil
War,
and
at
the start
of
the invasion
of
Poland
in
1939
no less
than
1,445
such
vehicles were on
strength,
It
had
already been realized, however,
that
the
vehicle
was
ill-suited
for front-line
use because
of its lack
of
irepower
and
armour protection
(7-13
mm/0,28-
0,5
I
in), and
tn
the invasion
ofFrance
in
1940
only
523
were
used,
althougrh
many more
were still
in Germany and
Poland,
By
the end
of
194
I the
PzKpfir
I
had been phased
out
of
fiontline
ser-
vice,
althougrh
the kleiner
Panzer-
befehlwagen
I
(SdKfz 265) command
Henschel
but
Wegmann
also
became
involved in the
proQlramme,
peak
pro-
CiuilWar.
used
on
both
the Easten
and
North
African
fronts, but
soon
became obso-
lete wrth the
arrival
of
the
more
heavily
armoured
tanks on
the
battlefield.
The
stallation
of
a
15-cm
(5.9-in)
rnfantry
enrn
in
a new
superstructure,
but
this
really
overloaded the
chassis
and
less
than
40
such conversrons
were
made.
The turret
was
in
the centre
of the
vehicle,
offset to
the
right
and
armed
qnrns,
for
which
a
total
of
I,525 rounds
of
ammunition
were
carried. The
driver
was seated to the
left
of
the
turret.
Specification
PzKpfwIAusf
B
Crew:2
weiqhr
6000
ks
(13,230
rb)
Dimensions: lenqth4.42
m
(14 ft 6
in);
width2.06
m(6
ft9
in);
heisht
1.72
m
(5
ftB in)
Powerplant:
one
Maybach
NL
38
TR
six-cylinder
petrol engine
developing
100
hp
(75
largest conversion entarled
the
in-
kW)
maximumroad
with twin
7,92-mm (0,31-in) machine-
Performance: maximum
road
speed
40
kn/h
(25
mph);
range
lcn(B7miles); fording0,SB m
(
I fl
I
I
in);
gradient
60
per
cent;
140
verticalobstacle
0.36
m
(1 ft 2
in);
trenchl.4m(4ft7in)

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