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Volume
6
Published by
Orbis
Publishino Ltd
@Aerospace
P-ublishing
Ltd
1984
Issue
65
Editorial
Offices
War
Machine
Aerospace Publishing Ltd
10 Barley
Mow
Passage
London
W4
4PH
Managing Editor:
Stan
Morse
Editorial:
Trisha Palmer
Chris Bishop
Chris Chant
Design:
Rod Teasdale
Colour
Origination:
lmago Publishing Ltd,
Thame, Oxon
Typesetting:
SX
Composing
Ltd
Film
wori:
Precise-Litho Ltd
Artists:
Richard Hook
Frank Kennard
Pierre Turner
Consultant Editor: Major
General Sir
Jeremy
Moore
KCB OBE
MC,
Comman'
der
of
British
Land
Forc€s
during
the
Falklands campaign.
Picture
acknowledgements
Co*r
ptrotograph:
Imperial
Wd M6em. l28l:
T.J/lmperial
Wa
Muem
1282:
Imperial
Wa
MNeurL/
Wil MEew.
1283: T.J.
128{:
Imperial
Wa Mwem.
1285:
Irnperial
Wd
Mueum,r'I.J/Imperial
Wil
Mrem.
1286:
Irnperial
Wn
Msem.
t28l:
lmperia!
Wd
MEeum,rLJ.
1288;
Irnpedal
Wn
Mweum/
Inpedat
Wd
M6em.
1289:
Imperial
Wa
M6em.
l29l:
Imperial
Wu
Muem
1292;
T,J,
1293r
Imperial
Wil
Mrem.
1295:
Imperia.l
Wa
Mseu.
1296r
Robefi
Hut
Lilcnry/Robert
Hut
Librsy.
129?;
Imperial
Wn
M$eumRobert
Hut
Library.
1298: T.J. 1299:
Imperial
wd
Mwun^rnperial
wd
MEeumlmperial
Wu
Mweu,
1300:
Imperial
Wu
Mueum/lmperiat
Wa
Muem.
(iii):
US
Amy/US
nrmy
(iv):
US
Amy.
Imperiat
We
ile
most gtratefi.I to
the
WeapoN
Mrem,
Sch@l
of
Inlmtry,
photogtraph
weapom
tom
their
collection.
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World
War
II
saw the decline
in
impoftance
of
the
infantryman
as
marlsman
and
the
firct
appexance
of
his
replacement,
the
infantrynan
as
firepower
component,
After
an
uncharactertstically tentalive
stail,
it
was Genna
ny
who,
as
so often, led
the
way.
librld
llfar
ll
M
anufactured in enormous
numbers,
the
American
M
I
carbine
was designed
for rear
echelon
and
vehicle-mounted
troops.
I
ts
light and
easy
handling, however,
made
it
preferable
to
the
heavy
full-sized
rille
issued
to
many
frontJine
troops.
fles
of
In
any
army
the
new soldier
is
always
trained
in
the
use
of
one baslc
form
of
sewice
rifle, whatever
hrs
eventual trade may be. During
World War
II
this was
as
true
as
it
is
now,
but the
rifle
with which the individuai
soldier might be trained varied
a
great deal. Depending
on
the
particu-
lar
nation, the
soldier
might
have
been
issued
with
a
venerable
antrque
while
in others he might have
received
a
shiny new model
embodying
ail the
latest
technologry,
for
the
rifles
used
in
World War
II
varied
erreatiy.
At
one end
of
the scale there
were
the
old
bolt-action
rifles
that
had
been in
use
since
long before World War
I; and
at
the other
were
the
new self-loading
or automatrc
rifles
that
eventually led
to
the
first
of
what
are
now known
as
assauli
rifles. There
were
none
of
the
latter
in
service
when the
war
started
in
1939
but as the
war
progressed
the
first
operational models
of such
weapons
appeared
in service, These gave
the infantryman
a
greatly
rncreased
firepower
potential, but it was
not
untrl the
true
assault
rifles (with their
lower-powered
cartridges)
arrived
from
about
1943
onwards that the
full
quantum jump from the slow and
steady single
shots of
the bolt-action
rifle
to
the full automatic
fire
of
the
assault
rifle
was
fu1ly
appreciated.
The
bolt-action rifles
were
usually
sound
and
reliabie
weapons, but they lacked the shock effect of
an
make
the
transition
and
relied
upon the l:ee-Enfield bolt-action
r.::
throughout, but the move
towards
the
self{oading
or
assault
rifle
was
s
_
there.
This analysis does not
contain all
the
rifles
used
during
World Wa:
--
but the
weapons discussed
are
typical
of
the
period.
Millions
of
sc.c_e:.
used them
under
ail
manner
of
conditions,
and the survivors
will
re:-::--
ber
them
until their
last
days,
The
Gewehr98
was
the
standara
)ine
br
tne
fulkof
the
Geman army
throughout
the
war.
While
notas adyanced
as
many
models
introduied
alter
1939,
theMauser
design,
datingtromthe
late
1880s,
provided
sterling
serice
throughout
two
wofld
wars and
was a
sound,
reliable
weapon.
assault
rifle fired in
the
fully
automatic
mode.
Thus
World War II
was
a
war
of
transrtion for the basic
rnlantrl,:r--
When
the
war started,
usually all he had
to
hand was
a
bolt-action
r:.:
::
a
weli-tried
but frequently
elderly
pattern,
By
the
time
the
war
wa;
:-,-=:
every soldier
had
at
least
a
foretaste
of
what the
futwe
had
in
store
ir-
-:-:
form
of
the assault
rifle. There were
some
odd digresslons
along the-,';a,'
such
as
the
underpowered
US
Carbine
Ml
and the ingenious bu:
:::--
plex
German
FG
42.
Some natrons, such
as
the
United
Krngdom
cid:-::
t
a
rllf :lr::#iiitdQl:iirr,r:
rii
3r:jlj:rrr)l;
:r.,1&.::,rq
ii
:::
:,!.$*.
!!
Gewehr
98
and
Karabiner
98k
The
7.92-mm (0.312-in)
Gewehr
98
was
the rrfle
with which the
German army
fought through
World
War L
lt
was
a
Mauser
rifle
first
produced in
1898,
but
was based
on a desigm
dating
back
to
1BBB,
In
service
the
Mauser
action
proved
sturdy and
reiiable,
but in the
years
following
1918
the German army
carried
out a
great deal
of
operational
analysis
that
demonstrated
that
the
Gewehr 98 was
really too long
and
bulky
for front-line
use. As an
immedt-
ate iesult the suwiving
Gewehr
9Bs
underwent
a
modification progEalnme
that
changed their designatron
to
Kara-
biner
98b.
Karabiner
is
the German for
carbrne,
but there
was nothing of the
carbine
in
the Karabiner
9Bb,
whose
lengrth
was
unchanged ftom
that of
the
originai
Gewehr
98.
The only changes
were to the
bolt
handle,
the
sling
swivels
and the
ability
to
use
improved
ammunition. To coni-rse matters furth-
er
the
orignnal
Gewehr 98
markings
were
retained.
The Karabiner
9Bb
was
still tn
ser-
finish
resulting
from
wartime shortages
Gewehr
98,
other
than
in
the
rough
vice with the
German armY
in
1939
(and
remained
so
througrhout the
war),
but by
then the standard
rifle
was
a
slightly
shorter version
of
the
basic
Mauser
knovrm
as
the Karabiner
98k
This was
slightly
shorter than
the orl-
ginal Gewehr
98
but
was
stiil long
for a
of labour and materials,
By
that
time
the
Germans
had
to
hand
a
whole
arrav of
Mauser
rifles drawn
from
neariv
all
the armies
of
EuroPe, and
most
bf
them
were
used to
equp
one
arm or another
ofthe
sewices
by
1945.
Some of
these Mausers,
most of
which
were very
similar
to
the Gewehr
98
or
Karabiner
9Bk,
were
kePt
ln
Produc-
tion on
Czech
and
Belgnan
lines
for
German
use
after
1939-40.
Away
to
the
east
the
Chinese armies
were
mainly
eouiooed
with the
Mauser
Standard
rrfied that
were vrrnrally ldentlcal
to
the
The
Karabiner
98kwas
a
slightly
shortened version of
the
Gewehr
98
which
served Germany in
World War
I,
and
although
supposedly
acarbine
riflesof theperiod.
theweaponwas
as
long
as
manY
carbine, despite
the letter
suffix
'k'
standing for
kurz, or
short. This rifle
was based on
a
commercial
Mauser
model known as
the
Standard
and
v,rdely
produced
throughout
the
inter-
war
years
in
countries
such
as
Czechoslovakia,
Belgdum
and
even
were better
service
rifles
than
the
Karabiner
9Bk.
There
rmll
alwaYs
be
arguments
as
to whether
or
not the
Mauser rifles
l,ee-Enfield,
M1903
Springfield or
the
Ml
China, The
German
version
was
placed
in
production
in
1935
and
thereafter made
in very
largte num-
lacked
some
of the overall appeal of
the
Allied
rifles they provrded
the
Ger-
man forces
with
long and
reliable
ser-
vrce, Few remain in
use,
but
manY
are
still prized
as collector's pieces
and
many are
retained
for match
rifle
use
Garand, but although the Mausers
bers, At first the
standard
ofproduction
was excellent,
but
once
World War
II
had
stailed
the overall finish and
stan-
dards
fell
to
the extent that
by
the end
of the
war
the wooden furniture
was
often laminated
or
of an
inferior
mate-
Specification
Gewehr98
Calibre:
7,92
mm
(0.312
in)
Lengrth:
1,25
m
(49,2
in)
Length
of
barret
740
mm
(29.
I
tn)
Weight:4,2 kg
(9,26
lb)
Muzzlevelocity:640
m
(2, 100
ft)
Per
second
Magazine:
5-roundbox
rial,
and such items as bayonet
IUQIS
were
omitted,
All
manner
of
extras
were
evolved
by
the gadget-minded
Wehrmacht soldier
s tr
ain
for
combat,
armed
with Karabiner 98k
rifles. The
photograph
was
probably
taken between
the
wars,
as
indicated
by
the
old
and
new
Pattern
helmets
being worn
at
the same
time.
Germans for the
Karabiner
9Bk,
includ-
rng
grenadeJaunching devices, peris-
copic
slghts
and folding
butts
for
weapons used
by
airborne
trooPs
There
were
also variations
for sniper
use, some
with
small telescopic sights
Specification
Karabiner
98k
Calibre:
7.92
mm
(0.312
in)
Lenqrth: t,1075 m
(43,6
in)
Lengrthof
mounted half
way
along the forestock
and
others
with
larger
telescopes
mounted
over the bolt
achon.
Desprte
all
the
innovations
bY
the
Germans
durinq
World War
II,
the
Karabiner
9Bkwas
still
in
production
as
the
war
ended,
Iooking
not
all
that
Left:
Digging
in
during
the
earlY
staqes
ol thewar.The
length of
the
barrel
600
mm
(23 6
in)
Weight:
3.9
kq
(8.6
lb)
Muzilevelocity:
755
m
(2,477 ft)
Per
second
Magazine:
S-round
box
different overall from the
original
combat ranges tyPical
of
WorldWar
II,
the
long-range
performance of the
9
8
k
w as
largely
su
Perfluous'
Miuser-designed
98k
is obvious,
making it
difficult
to handle
in
confined spaces.
Given
the
short
reI
E"*"tt
4I(w)
and
Gewehr
43
all
'quality
control' section
that
con-
stantiy soright ways in
which the
Ger-
efficiency,
and
by
1940
this
The
German army maintained
anover-
man
forces could
increase their
Mauser design
was
unsuitable for ser-
vice
use
and
it was
withdrawn,
leaving
the
fleld free
for the Walther
design
which became the
7,92-mm
(0,312-in)
weapon
proved to
be
drfficult
and
time-consuming
to
load.
But
for
a
while
it
was the only self{oading
rifle
thousands
section had
drscovered
a
need
for
some
form of
selfJoading
rifle to
improve
combat
efflciency,
A
speciflcation
was
dulY
issued
to
industry,
and Walther
and
Mauser each put
forward
designs
that
proved
to
be
remarkably similar'
Both
used
a
method of operatton known
as
the
'Bang'
system (after its Danish de-
Gewehr 4I(W),
duction
to the
extent
of
tens
of
used on
the
Eastern Front, and
it
was
there that
the
Germans encountered
the
Soviet
Tokarev
automatic
rifles,
These
used
a
gas-operated
system
that
tapped
off gases from the
barrel
to
operate the mechanism, and once thls
system was investiqated the Germans
realized
that they could adapt
it to
suit
the Gewehr 41(W), The result
was
the
Gewehr
43,
which used
the
Tokarev
the
Germans
had and it
was
kept in pro-
Unfortunately
for
the
Germans,
once
the Gewehr
41(W)
reached
front-line
sewice,
mainly
on
the Eastern Front,
it
Most
of the
Gewehr
4I(W)s
were
system
vlrtually
unchanged, Once the
Gewehr
43
was
in
produclion,
manu-
facture
of
the Gewehr 41(W)
promptly
ceased.
The Gewehr
43
was
much
easret to make and
it
was soon
beingT
chruned
out
in large
numbers. Front-
line
troops greatly appreciated
the
proved
to be
somewhat less than
a
iuccess. The
Bang system
Proved
to
be
too complex for
reliable
operation
under
service conditions
and
it
was
really
too
heavy
for
comfortable
use,
signer),
in
whtch
qases traPPed
making
the
weapon generallY
un-
around the
muzzle
ate
used
to
drive
back
a
piston
to
carry
out
the
reloading
cycle, Troop trials
soon
proved
that
the
\282
handy.
The
Gewehr
41(W)
also
proved-
to
be-difficult
to
manufactwe and,
as
if
all
this
was not
enough,
ln
action
the
ease
with which
it
could
be
loaded
compared with the earlier
rifle
and it
was
a
popular
weapon.
Ail
manner
of
produCtion
short-cuts
were
introduced
into the
design, including the use of
wood
laminates
and even
plastlcs
for
the
finnitu-re,
and.in
1944
an
even sim-
oler
desisn known
as
the
Karabiner
43
was
intr;duced,
the Karabiner
de-
signation
belng adopted
although the
Gewehr
4l(W)
and
Gewehr
43
(continued)
overall length was
reduced
by
only
some
50
mm
(2
in).
Both
the
Gewehr
41(W) and the
later
Gewehr
43
used
the
standard German
7.92-mm (0.312-in)
cartridge,
andwere
rn no
way
related
to
the
assault
rifle
programme
that
involved
the
7,92-mm
kwz
carftidge. The
retention
of
the
rifle cartridge
enabled the Gewehr
43
to
be
used
as
a
very
eflective sniper
rifle,
and all
examples
had
a
telescopic
sight
mount
fitted
as standard.
The
Gewehr
43
was so good in the
sniper
role
that
many were retained in Czech
army
sewice
for many years after the
war,
Rifles
of
World
War
II
Specification
Gewetu4I(W)
7.92
mm
(0,312
in)
Lengrth: l.
124
m
(44,25
in)
Lengrth of
barrel
546
mm
(2
1.5
in)
Calibre:
Magazine:
I0-roundbox
Lengnhof
barrel
549
mm
(2 1,6
I
in)
Weight
4.4
ks
(9,7Ib)
Specification
C'ewehr43
Calibre:
7.92
mm
(0.312
in)
Lengrth:
1,117
m
(44
in)
Weight:
5.03
ks
(
I 1.09
]b)
Muzzle
velocity:
776
m
(2,546 ft)
per
second
Muzzlevelocity:
776
m
(2,546 ft)
per
second
Magazine:
lO-roundbox
Developed
from
the
Gewehr
4
I
(W)
and influence
d
by
the
T
okarev,
the
Gewehr
43
was
titted with telescopic
sr:glr
ls as
sfanda
rd,
and
was
an
exce
llent sniper's
rifl
e.
g
F"iir"t
irmjiisersewehr
42
Above
:
A
drill
book
photogr
aph
of
theFG
42
beingfiredin
the
prone
position
wth bipod folded.
The FG
42
was
a
precursor
of
the
modern-
concept
assault
rifle.
internal strife and
rivalry
flourished
In the stranqe
world
of Nazi Germany
(was
even fostered), and in
no
sphere
was this
intemal feuding more rife
than
between
the
German
army and
the
German
parachute forces
with
a
rifle
capable of
providing
full-power
MG
pedormance.
The FG
42,
an
early
model
of
which
is
seen
ft
ere,
was an
attempt
to
arm
the
Luftwaffe,
By
1942
the
Luftwaffe
were
encroaching on the preserves of
the
army
to
an
alarming extent
for
no
other
reason than
petty
rrrangling,
and
when
the
army
decided to
adopt
a
self-
loading rrile
the Lufhvaffe
decided
that
it
too had
to
have such a weapon. In-
stead
of
following
the
path followed
by
the army
with
its adoption of the
kurz
round, the Lufwalfe
decided
instead
to
retain the standard
7.92-mm (0.312-in)
rifle
cartridge
and asked Rheinmetall
to
design
a
weapon
to
arm
the Lufhvaf-
fe
parachute troops, the
Fallschirm-
zine on
the left,
and
the
mechanism
was qas-operated,
A1l
ln
all the FG
42
was a complex weapon, but was
not
innovative as
it
was
an
amalgam of
several
existing
systems.
Needless
to
say
the
Lufhvalfe took
to
the
FG
42
avrdly and asked
for
more,
pired
that the novelties of the FG
42
had
to
be
paid for in
a
very
complex
manufacturing process that consumed
an
inordrnate amount of time and
pro-
duction facilitres,
Thus
supply
was
slow
ard
eratic,
and
ln
an attempt
to
speed production
some
simplifications
were
added,
A
simpler wooden
butt
was
introduced
and the
pistol
grip
was
replaced by
a
more orthodox compo-
nent, The
bipod
was
moved forward
to
the
muzzle
and other
short-cuts
were
rntroduced,
It
was
to no
avail, for
by the
They did
not get them, for it soon
trans-
One thing
that was not
copied
was
the
side-mounted
magrazine,
This
proved
to
be
less than
a
success in action
for
not
only
did
it snaq on
clothinq
or
other
items but
it
tended to unbalance
the
weapon
when
fired.
The FG
42
was a hrghly
advanced
design for
its day
and
it
incorporated
many
of
the features now used
on
many
modern
assault
rifles,
Typical
of
these
was the
use
of
a
'straight
line'
layout
from
butt to
muzzle
and the
gas-
operated
mechanism
already
men-
tioned.
But
for all this the FG
42
was too
dilficult
to
produce,
and even
by
1945
weapon was
really problem-free.
But
there
were still
some bugs that re-
mained
to
be
ironed
out before
the
for all
that
it
was
a truly
remarkable
deslgm
achrevement.
lagel.
Rheinmetall accordingly designed
and
produced
one
ofthe more
remark-
able smali-arms designs
of
World War
II.
Thrs
was the 7,92-mm (0.312-in)
Fall-
schirmjigergewehr
42
or
FG
42,
a
Specification
FG42
Calibre:
7.92
mm
(0,312
in)
weapon that
somehow managed
to
Length:
940
mm
(37
in)
Lengilh
ofbarrel
502
mm
(
19,76
rn)
compress
the
action
required
to
pro-
duce automatic
fire
into
a
volume lrttle
largier than that of a conventional
bolt
Weight
4.53
ks
(9,99
second
action.
The
PG 42
was certainly
an
eye-catching weapon,
for
the
first
ex-
amples had a sloping pistol gnip,
an
oddly-shaped plastic butt and
a
prom-
tnent brpod
on
the forestock,
To
cap
rt
all
ihere
was
a large
muzzle attach-
ment and
provisron
for
mounting
time the
war
ended only about
7,000
had been made.
But
it
was after
the
war
that the FG
42
made its biggest
mark, for many of its
desrgn features
were
incorporated into later
designs.
Perhaps
the
most
important
of
these
was
the
gas-operated
mechanism
which could
fire
from
a
closed bolt
positron for
slnqle-shot fire
and
from
an
Muzzle
velocity:
761
m
(2,500 ft)
per
Magazine: 20-round
box
Cyclic
rate
offire:
750-800
rpm
lb)
,
a
spike bayonet, The
ammunition
feed
was from a side-mounted box
maga-
open
bolt for
automatic
fire,
a1l
com-
pressed into
a
relatively
small
space.
First
operational
use
of
theFG
42
was
in Skorzeny's
daring
commando
raid
to
free
Mussolini.
Special
camouflage
smocks were worn
for
the
raid, and
ffi
e
usual Fallschirmjager
fi
elmefs
wereworn,

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