The Linux Cookbook.pdf

(7593 KB) Pobierz
The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use
The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use:
Table of Contents
The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use.....................................................................1
Preface ................................................................................................................................................................3
1.0 Format of Recipes ............................................................................................................................4
1.1 Assumptions, Scope, and Exclusions ..............................................................................................5
1.2 Typographical Conventions .............................................................................................................6
1.3 Versions, Latest Edition, and Errata ................................................................................................7
1.4 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................8
PART ONE: Working with Linux.................................................................................................................10
2. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Background and History ................................................................................................................11
2.1.1 What's Unix? ..................................................................................................................11
2.1.2 What's Free Software? ...................................................................................................12
2.1.3 What's Open Source? .....................................................................................................13
2.1.4 What's Linux? ................................................................................................................14
2.1.5 What's Debian? ..............................................................................................................14
2.1.6 Unix and the Tools Philosophy ......................................................................................15
2.2 What to Try First............................................................................................................................17
2.3 If You Need More Help .................................................................................................................18
3. What Every Linux User Knows .................................................................................................................20
3.1 Controlling Power to the System ...................................................................................................20
3.1.1 Powering Up the System................................................................................................21
3.1.2 Turning Off the System .................................................................................................21
3.2 Accounts and Privileges.................................................................................................................21
3.2.1 Logging In to the System ...............................................................................................22
3.2.2 Logging Out of the System ............................................................................................24
3.3 Console Basics ...............................................................................................................................24
3.3.1 Switching between Consoles .........................................................................................25
3.3.2 Scrolling the Console Text ............................................................................................26
3.3.3 Keys for Console Manipulation .....................................................................................26
3.4 Running a Command .....................................................................................................................27
3.5 Changing Your Password ..............................................................................................................28
3.6 Listing User Activity .....................................................................................................................29
3.6.1 Listing Your Username ..................................................................................................29
3.6.2 Listing Who Is on the System ........................................................................................30
3.6.3 Listing Who Is on and What They're Doing ..................................................................30
3.6.4 Listing the Last Times a User Logged In ......................................................................31
3.7 Listing System Activity .................................................................................................................32
3.7.1 Listing Your Current Processes .....................................................................................32
3.7.2 Listing All of a User's Processes ...................................................................................33
3.7.3 Listing All Processes on the System ..............................................................................33
3.7.4 Listing Processes by Name or Number..........................................................................34
3.8 Help Facilities ................................................................................................................................34
3.8.1 Finding the Right Tool for the Job.................................................................................35
i
The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use:
Table of Contents
3.8.2 Listing a Description of a Program ................................................................................36
3.8.3 Listing the Usage of a Tool............................................................................................36
3.8.4 Reading a Page from the System Manual ......................................................................37
3.8.5 Using the GNU Info System ..........................................................................................38
3.8.6 Reading System Documentation and Help Files ...........................................................40
4. The Shell ......................................................................................................................................................42
4.1 Keys for Command Line Editing ...................................................................................................42
4.1.1 Passing Special Characters to Commands .....................................................................44
4.1.2 Letting the Shell Complete What You Type .................................................................45
4.1.3 Repeating the Last Command You Typed .....................................................................46
4.1.4 Running a List of Commands ........................................................................................47
4.2 Redirecting Input and Output.........................................................................................................47
4.2.1 Redirecting Input to a File .............................................................................................48
4.2.2 Redirecting Output to a File...........................................................................................48
4.2.3 Redirecting Error Messages to a File .............................................................................49
4.2.4 Redirecting Output to Another Command's Input .........................................................49
4.3 Managing Jobs ...............................................................................................................................50
4.3.1 Suspending a Job ...........................................................................................................50
4.3.2 Putting a Job in the Background ....................................................................................51
4.3.3 Putting a Job in the Foreground .....................................................................................52
4.3.4 Listing Your Jobs ...........................................................................................................52
4.3.5 Stopping a Job................................................................................................................53
4.4 Command History ..........................................................................................................................53
4.4.1 Viewing Your Command History ..................................................................................54
4.4.2 Specifying a Command from Your History ...................................................................55
4.5 Recording a Shell Session..............................................................................................................55
4.6 Customizing Your Shell.................................................................................................................56
4.6.1 Changing the Shell Prompt ............................................................................................57
4.6.2 Making a Command Alias .............................................................................................58
4.6.3 Adding to Your Path ......................................................................................................59
4.6.4 Customizing Future Shells .............................................................................................59
5. The X Window System ...............................................................................................................................62
5.1 Running X ......................................................................................................................................62
5.1.1 Starting X .......................................................................................................................65
5.1.2 Stopping X .....................................................................................................................65
5.2 Running a Program in X ................................................................................................................66
5.2.1 Specifying Window Size and Location .........................................................................67
5.2.2 Specifying Window Colors ............................................................................................69
5.2.3 Specifying Window Font ...............................................................................................69
5.2.4 Specifying Additional Window Attributes ....................................................................70
5.3 Manipulating X Client Windows ...................................................................................................70
5.3.1 Moving a Window .........................................................................................................71
5.3.2 Resizing a Window ........................................................................................................71
5.3.3 Destroying a Window ....................................................................................................71
5.3.4 Minimizing a Window ...................................................................................................72
ii
The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use:
Table of Contents
5.3.5 Maximizing a Window ..................................................................................................72
5.4 Moving around the Desktop...........................................................................................................72
5.5 Running a Shell in X ......................................................................................................................73
5.6 Configuring X ................................................................................................................................74
5.6.1 Switching between Video Modes ..................................................................................74
5.6.2 Running X Clients Automatically..................................................................................75
5.6.3 Changing the Root Window Parameters........................................................................75
5.6.4 Choosing a Window Manager .......................................................................................76
PART TWO: Files...........................................................................................................................................78
6. Files and Directories ...................................................................................................................................79
6.1 Naming Files and Directories ........................................................................................................83
6.1.1 Making an Empty File ...................................................................................................84
6.1.2 Making a Directory ........................................................................................................84
6.1.3 Making a Directory Tree................................................................................................85
6.2 Changing Directories .....................................................................................................................85
6.2.1 Changing to Your Home Directory ...............................................................................86
6.2.2 Changing to the Last Directory You Visited .................................................................86
6.2.3 Getting the Name of the Current Directory ...................................................................86
6.3 Listing Directories .........................................................................................................................87
6.3.1 Listing File Attributes ....................................................................................................88
6.3.2 Listing Directories Recursively .....................................................................................89
6.3.3 Listing Newest Files First ..............................................................................................90
6.3.4 Listing Hidden Files.......................................................................................................90
6.3.5 Listing Directories in Color ...........................................................................................91
6.3.6 Listing Directory Tree Graphs .......................................................................................91
6.3.7 Additional Directory Listing Options ............................................................................92
6.4 Copying Files and Directories .......................................................................................................93
6.5 Moving Files and Directories.........................................................................................................94
6.5.1 Changing File Names to Lowercase ..............................................................................95
6.5.2 Renaming Multiple Files with the Same Extension.......................................................96
6.6 Removing Files and Directories.....................................................................................................97
6.6.1 Removing a File with a Strange Name ..........................................................................98
6.6.2 A Safe Way to Remove a File .......................................................................................99
6.7 Giving a File More than One Name ...............................................................................................99
6.8 Specifying File Names with Patterns ...........................................................................................100
6.9 Browsing Files .............................................................................................................................102
7. Sharing Files ..............................................................................................................................................103
7.1 Groups and How to Work in Them..............................................................................................103
7.1.1 Listing the Groups a User Belongs To.........................................................................103
7.1.2 Listing the Members of a Group ..................................................................................104
7.2 File Ownership .............................................................................................................................105
7.2.1 Determining the Ownership of a File ..........................................................................105
7.2.2 Changing the Ownership of a File ...............................................................................105
7.3 Controlling Access to Files ..........................................................................................................106
iii
The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use:
Table of Contents
7.3.1 Listing the Permissions of a File..................................................................................107
7.3.2 Changing the Permissions of a File .............................................................................108
7.3.3 Write−Protecting a File................................................................................................108
7.3.4 Making a File Private ...................................................................................................109
7.3.5 Making a File Public ....................................................................................................109
7.3.6 Making a File Executable ............................................................................................110
8. Finding Files ..............................................................................................................................................111
8.1 Finding All Files That Match a Pattern .......................................................................................111
8.2 Finding Files in a Directory Tree .................................................................................................112
8.2.1 Finding Files in a Directory Tree by Name .................................................................112
8.2.2 Finding Files in a Directory Tree by Size ....................................................................114
8.2.3 Finding Files in a Directory Tree by Modification Time ............................................115
8.2.4 Finding Files in a Directory Tree by Owner ................................................................116
8.2.5 Running Commands on the Files You Find.................................................................117
8.2.6 Finding Files by Multiple Criteria ...............................................................................117
8.3 Finding Files in Directory Listings ..............................................................................................120
8.3.1 Finding the Largest Files in a Directory ......................................................................120
8.3.2 Finding the Smallest Files in a Directory ....................................................................121
8.3.3 Finding the Smallest Directories..................................................................................121
8.3.4 Finding the Largest Directories ...................................................................................121
8.3.5 Finding the Number of Files in a Listing.....................................................................122
8.4 Finding Where a Command Is Located .......................................................................................123
9. Managing Files ..........................................................................................................................................124
9.1 Determining File Type and Format..............................................................................................124
9.2 Changing File Modification Time ...............................................................................................125
9.3 Splitting a File into Smaller Ones ................................................................................................126
9.4 Comparing Files ...........................................................................................................................127
9.4.1 Determining Whether Two Files Differ.......................................................................127
9.4.2 Finding the Differences between Files ........................................................................127
9.4.3 Patching a File with a Difference Report.....................................................................128
9.5 Compressed Files .........................................................................................................................129
9.5.1 Compressing a File ......................................................................................................129
9.5.2 Decompressing a File...................................................................................................129
9.6 File Archives ................................................................................................................................130
9.6.1 Creating a File Archive ................................................................................................131
9.6.2 Listing the Contents of an Archive ..............................................................................131
9.6.3 Extracting Files from an Archive.................................................................................132
9.7 Tracking Revisions to a File ........................................................................................................133
9.7.1 Checking In a File Revision.........................................................................................133
9.7.2 Checking Out a File Revision ......................................................................................135
9.7.3 Viewing a File's Revision Log .....................................................................................136
PART THREE: Text.....................................................................................................................................137
10. Viewing Text ............................................................................................................................................138
iv

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin