Construction Methods - FrontMatter.pdf - po ang - Januszek66

S EVENTH E DITION

ConstructionMethods

andManagement

S.W. N UNNALLY

ConsultingEngineer

ProfessorEmeritus

NorthCarolinaStateUniversity

UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey

Columbus,Ohio

LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData

Nunnally,S.W.

Constructionmethodsandmanagement/S.W.Nunnally—7thed.

p.cm.

Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.

ISBN0-13-171685-9

1.Building2.Constructionindustry—Management. I.Title.

TH145.N862007

624—dc22

2006044768

Editor-in-Chief: VernonAnthony

SeniorAcquisitionsEditor: TimPeyton

EditorialAssistant: NancyKesterson

ProductionEditor: HollyShufeldt

DesignCoordinator: DianeErnsberger

CoverDesigner: JeffVanik

Coverphoto: Superstock

ProductionManager: DeidraSchwartz

ExecutiveMarketingManager: DerrilTrakalo

SeniorMarketingCoordinator: LizFarrell

MarketingAssistant: LesRoberts

ThisbookwassetinTimesRomanbyGGSBookServices.ItwasprintedandboundbyR.R.Donnelley&

SonsCompany.ThecoverwasprintedbyTheLehighPress,Inc.

River,NewJersey07458.

PearsonPrenticeHall.Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Thispublicationis

protectedbyCopyrightandpermissionshouldbeobtainedfromthepublisherpriortoanyprohibited

reproduction,storageinaretrievalsystem,ortransmissioninanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,

mechanical,photocopying,recording,orlikewise.Forinformationregardingpermission(s),write

to:RightsandPermissionsDepartment.

PearsonPrenticeHall™ isatrademarkofPearsonEducation,Inc.

Pearson® isaregisteredtrademarkofPearsonplc

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PearsonEducationLtd PearsonEducationAustraliaPty.Limited

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PearsonEducationCanada,Ltd. PearsonEducacióndeMexico,S.A.deC.V.

PearsonEducation—Japan PearsonEducationMalaysiaPte.Ltd.

10987654321

ISBN0-13-171685-9

ToJoan,Steve,Jan,andJohn

Preface

Thisbookisbasedontheauthor’syearsofexperienceinconstruction,engineering,and

education.Theobjectiveofthisseventheditioncontinuestobetoguideconstruction

engineersandconstructionmanagersinplanning,estimating,anddirectingconstruction

operationsinamannerthatwillattainthebestpossibleresults.Itisbelievedthatthema-

terialpresentediscomprehensiveenoughtoserveasthebasictextforavarietyofcon-

structioncoursesaswellasforself-study.Foranintroductorycourse,upper-division

collegeanduniversity-levelstudentsshouldbeabletocoverthematerialinonesemester.

Formorein-depthcoverage,thematerialmaybesplitbetweentwoormorecourses.Top-

icsmay,ofcourse,beomittedoraugmentedasappropriatetothenatureofthecourseand

thedesiresoftheinstructor.Insolvingthecomputerproblemscontainedintheend-of-

chapterexercises,itissuggestedthatstudentsbeencouragedtouseelectronicspread-

sheetsandtheirassociatedfunctionsinadditiontoconventionalcomputerprogramming

languages.InstructorsareremindedthatanInstructor’sManualisavailablefromthepub-

lisher.Itisstronglyrecommendedthatstudyofthetextinanacademicenvironmentbe

supplementedbyvisitstoconstructionprojectsand/oraudiovisualmaterial.

Respondingtoindustrydevelopmentsandusercomments,thiseditionincorporates

newandrevisedmaterialtoreflectcurrentdevelopmentsintheconstructionindustry.New

andexpandedtopicsincludebuildingcodes,concreteandmasonryconstruction,con-

structioneconomics,constructionproductivity,constructionsafety,designofconcrete

formwork,fuel-resistantasphalt,soilandasphaltcompaction,andwoodpreservation,in

additiontoupdatedtext,illustrations,references,andend-of-chapterproblems.

Itwouldnotbepossibletoproduceabookofthistypewithouttheassistanceofmany

individualsandorganizations.Theassistanceofconstructionindustryassociationsand

constructionequipmentmanufacturersinprovidinginformationandphotographsandinper-

mittingreproductionofcertainelementsoftheirmaterialisgratefullyacknowledged.Where

possible,appropriatecredithasbeenprovided.Iwouldalsoliketoexpressmyappreciation

tomycolleaguesandtomyformerstudentsfortheirhelpfulcommentsandsuggestions.In

addition,particularthanksareduetoCharlesPatrick,Ph.D.,VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute

andStateUniversity,forhisassistancewiththeseventheditiontextreview.

Commentsfromreadersregardingerrorsandsuggestionsforimprovementare

solicited.Pleasesendtonunnallysj@juno.com.

S.W.Nunnally

Contents

1 Introduction 1

1–1 TheConstructionIndustry 1

1–2 TheConstructionProcess 3

1–3 CodesandRegulations 8

1–4 StateoftheIndustry10

1–5 ConstructionManagement11

1–6 ConstructionTrendsandProspects15

Problems16

References16

PARTONE EarthmovingandHeavyConstruction17

2 EarthmovingMaterialsandOperations19

2–1 IntroductiontoEarthmoving19

2–2 EarthmovingMaterials21

2–3 SoilIdentificationandClassification22

2–4 SoilVolume-ChangeCharacteristics26

2–5 SpoilBanks30

2–6 EstimatingEarthworkVolume32

2–7 ConstructionUseoftheMassDiagram36

Problems39

References40

3 ExcavatingandLifting41

3–1 Introduction41

3–2 HydraulicExcavators46

3–3 Shovels50

3–4 Draglines54

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