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XJ
SUSPENSION
2-1
SUSPENSION
CONTENTS
page
page
ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FRONT SUSPENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
REAR SUSPENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
ALIGNMENT
INDEX
page
GENERAL INFORMATION
WHEEL ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING
SUSPENSION AND STEERING SYSTEM . . . . . . . 3
SERVICE PROCEDURES
PRE-ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
page
WHEEL ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
SPECIFICATIONS
ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
GENERAL INFORMATION
WHEEL ALIGNMENT
Wheel alignment involves the correct positioning of
the wheels in relation to the vehicle. The positioning
is accomplished through suspension and steering
linkage adjustments. An alignment is considered
essential for efficient steering, good directional stabil-
ity and to minimize tire wear. The most important
measurements of an alignment are caster, camber
and toe position (Fig. 1).
•
CASTER
is the forward or rearward tilt of the
steering knuckle from vertical. Tilting the top of the
knuckle rearward provides positive caster. Tilting the
top of the knuckle forward provides negative caster.
Caster is a directional stability angle. This angle
enables the front wheels to return to a straight
ahead position after turns.
•
CAMBER
is the inward or outward tilt of the
wheel relative to the center of the vehicle. Tilting the
top of the wheel inward provides negative camber.
Tilting the top of the wheel outward provides positive
camber. Incorrect camber will cause wear on the
inside or outside edge of the tire. The angle is not
adjustable, damaged component(s) must be replaced
to correct the camber angle.
•
WHEEL TOE POSITION
is the difference
between the leading inside edges and trailing inside
edges of the front tires. Incorrect wheel toe position
is the most common cause of unstable steering and
uneven tire wear. The wheel toe position is the
final
front wheel alignment adjustment.
•
STEERING AXIS INCLINATION ANGLE
is
measured in degrees and is the angle that the steer-
ing knuckles are tilted. The inclination angle has a
fixed relationship with the camber angle. It will not
change except when a spindle or ball stud is dam-
aged or bent. The angle is not adjustable, damaged
component(s) must be replaced to correct the steering
axis inclination angle.
•
THRUST ANGLE
is the angle of the rear axle
relative to the centerline of the vehicle. Incorrect
thrust angle can cause off-center steering and exces-
sive tire wear. This angle is not adjustable, damaged
component(s) must be replaced to correct the thrust
angle.
CAUTION: Never attempt to modify suspension or
steering components by heating or bending.
NOTE: Periodic lubrication of the front suspension/
steering system components may be required. Rub-
ber bushings must never be lubricated. Refer to
Group 0, Lubrication And Maintenance for the rec-
ommended maintenance schedule.
2-2
SUSPENSION
XJ
GENERAL INFORMATION (Continued)
Fig. 1 Wheel Alignment Measurements
XJ
SUSPENSION
2-3
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING
SUSPENSION AND STEERING SYSTEM
CONDITION
FRONT END NOISE
POSSIBLE CAUSES
1. Loose or worn wheel bearings.
2. Loose or worn steering or
suspension components.
EXCESSIVE PLAY IN
STEERING
1. Loose or worn wheel bearings.
2. Loose or worn steering or
suspension components.
3. Loose or worn steering gear.
FRONT WHEELS SHIMMY
1. Loose or worn wheel bearings.
2. Loose or worn steering or
suspension components.
3. Tires worn or out of balance.
4. Alignment.
5. Leaking steering dampener.
VEHICLE INSTABILITY
1. Loose or worn wheel bearings.
2. Loose or worn steering or
suspension components.
3. Tire pressure.
4. Alignment.
EXCESSIVE STEERING
EFFORT
1. Loose or worn steering gear.
2. Power steering fluid low.
3. Column coupler binding.
4. Tire pressure.
5. Alignment.
VEHICLE PULLS TO ONE
SIDE
1. Tire pressure.
2. Alignment.
3. Loose or worn steering or
suspension components.
4. Radial tire lead.
5. Brake pull.
6. Weak or broken spring.
CORRECTION
1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.
2. Tighten or replace components as
necessary.
1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.
2. Tighten or replace components as
necessary.
3. Adjust or replace steering gear.
1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.
2. Tighten or replace components as
necessary.
3. Replace or balance tires.
4. Align vehicle to specifications.
5. Replace steering dampener.
1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.
2. Tighten or replace components as
necessary.
3. Adjust tire pressure.
4. Align vehicle to specifications.
1. Adjust or replace steering gear.
2. Add fluid and repair leak.
3. Replace coupler.
4. Adjust tire pressure.
5. Align vehicle to specifications.
1. Adjust tire pressure.
2. Align vehicle to specifications.
3. Tighten or replace components as
necessary.
4. Rotate or replace tire as necessary.
5. Repair brake as necessary.
6. Replace spring.
2-4
SUSPENSION
XJ
SERVICE PROCEDURES
PRE-ALIGNMENT
Before starting wheel alignment, the following
inspection and necessary corrections must be com-
pleted. Refer to Suspension and Steering System
Diagnosis Chart for additional information.
(1) Inspect tires for size and tread wear.
(2) Set tire air pressure.
(3) Inspect front wheel bearings for wear.
(4) Inspect front wheels for excessive radial or lat-
eral runout and balance.
(5) Inspect ball studs, linkage pivot points and
steering gear for looseness, roughness or binding.
(6) Inspect suspension components for wear and
noise.
WHEEL ALIGNMENT
Before each alignment reading, the vehicle should
be jounced (rear first, then front). Grasp each
bumper at the center and jounce the vehicle up and
down several times. Always release the bumper in
the down position. Set the front end alignment to
specifications with the vehicle at its NORMAL RIDE
HEIGHT.
Fig. 2 Caster Adjustment
TOE POSITION (LHD)
NOTE: The wheel toe position adjustment is the
final adjustment. The engine must remain running
during the entire toe position adjustment.
(1) Start the engine and turn wheels both ways
before straightening the wheels. Secure the steering
wheel with the front wheels in the straight-ahead
position.
(2) Loosen the adjustment sleeve clamp bolts (Fig.
3).
(3) Adjust the right wheel toe position with the
drag link. Turn the sleeve until the right wheel is at
correct TOE-IN specifications. Position the clamp
bolts as shown (Fig. 4) and tighten to 49 N·m (36 ft.
lbs.).
NOTE: Make sure the toe setting does not change
during clamp tightening.
(4) Adjust the left wheel toe position with the tie
rod. Turn the sleeve until the left wheel is at specifi-
cations. Position the clamp bolts as shown (Fig. 4)
and tighten to 27 N·m (20 ft. lbs.).
NOTE: Make sure the toe setting does not change
during clamp tightening.
(5) Verify the right toe setting and turn off engine.
(6) Road test the vehicle on a flat level road to ver-
ify the steering wheel is centered.
NOTE: Once the toe setting is correct, the steering
wheel can be re-centered by adjusting only the drag
link.
CAMBER
The wheel camber angle is preset. This angle is not
adjustable and cannot be altered.
CASTER
Before checking the caster of the front axle for cor-
rect angle, be sure the axle is not bent or twisted.
Road test the vehicle, make left and right turns. If
the steering wheel returns to the center position
unassisted, the caster angle is correct. If steering
wheel does not return toward the center position
unassisted, an incorrect caster angle is probable.
Caster can be adjusted by installing the appropri-
ate size shims (Fig. 2).
NOTE: Changing caster angle will also change the
front propeller shaft angle. The propeller shaft
angle has priority over caster. Refer to Group 3 Dif-
ferential & Driveline for additional information.
XJ
SERVICE PROCEDURES (Continued)
SUSPENSION
2-5
Fig. 3 Steering Linkage (LHD)
bolts to their original position and tighten to 49 N·m
(36 ft. lbs.).
NOTE: Make sure the toe setting does not change
during clamp tightening.
(4) Adjust the right wheel toe position with the tie
rod. Turn the sleeve until the right wheel is at cor-
rect TOE-IN specifications. Position the clamp bolts
to their original position and tighten to 27 N·m (20
ft. lbs.).
NOTE: Make sure the toe setting does not change
during clamp tightening.
(5) Verify the right toe setting and turn off engine.
(6) Road test the vehicle on a flat level road to ver-
ify the steering wheel is centered.
NOTE: Once the toe setting is correct, the steering
wheel can be re-centered by adjusting only the drag
link.
Fig. 4 Drag Link and Tie Rod Clamp (LHD)
TOE POSITION (RHD)
NOTE: The wheel toe position adjustment is the
final adjustment. The engine must remain running
during the entire toe position adjustment.
(1) Start the engine and turn wheels both ways
before straightening the wheels. Secure the steering
wheel with the front wheels in the straight-ahead
position.
(2) Loosen the adjustment sleeve clamp bolts (Fig.
5).
(3) Adjust the left wheel toe position with the drag
link. Turn the sleeve until the left wheel is at the
correct TOE-IN specifications. Position the clamp

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