Tetley M.C., The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings.pdf

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The Reconstructed Chronology
of the Egyptian Kings
M. Christine Tetley
Volume One
The Ebers Calendar is probably the most valuable chronological tool
from Egypt that we are ever likely to possess. M. Christine Tetley
ISBN 978-0-473-29338-3
www.egyptchronology.comm
The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings – Volume One
Author:
M. Christine Tetley
Publisher: Barry W. Tetley
Address: 14 Workman Way, Onerahi, Whangarei, New Zealand 0110
Publication Date: July 2014
ISBN: 978-0-473-29338-3
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
© B.W. Tetley, 2014
editor@egyptchronology.com
Contents
i
Contents
Author’s Preface
Editor’s Note
Tables
Figures
General Abbreviations
Bibliographic Abbreviations
Synopsis
Ch. 1. Introduction to Problems with the Historical Chronology of Ancient Egypt
Ch. 2. Fixing the Chronology for Israel, Judah, and Egypt
Ch. 3. Investigating Ancient Egyptian Calendars
Ch. 4. Reviewing Gardiner's and Parker's Calendars
Ch. 5. Dating by Lunar Months and Phases
Ch. 6. Pondering Egyptian Calendar Depictions
Ch. 7. Revisiting Gardiner and Parker
Ch. 8. Recovering a Calendar with Wep Renpet as the First Month
Ch. 9. Exploring the Ebers Calendar
Ch. 10. Resolving the Eponymous Month Conflict
Ch. 11. Studying Sesostris III and Illahun - Sesostris III's Seventh Year
Ch. 12. Studying Sesostris III and Illahun - Feast Dates
Ch. 13. Studying Sesostris III and Illahun - the W3gy Feast
Ch. 14. Securing Neferefre's W3gy Feast Date
iii
v
vii
xvii
xix
xxi
xxv
1
19
39
55
75
85
103
119
135
153
171
179
191
199
Volume Two
Ch. 15. Working with Egyptian King Lists
Ch. 16. Recasting the 5th and 6th Dynasties
Ch. 17. Clarifying the 8th Dynasty
Ch. 18. Regarding the Royal Annals
Ch. 19. Reconstructing the Royal Annals - Menes to Neferkare
Ch. 20. Reconstructing the Royal Annals - Neferkasokar to Menkaure
Ch. 21. Reconstructing the Royal Annals - Menkaure to Shepseskare
Ch. 22. Surveying the 9th-11th Dynasties
Ch. 23. Establishing the 12th Dynasty
Ch. 24. Reading Hekanakhte's Letters
Ch. 25. Reporting on the 13th-17th Dynasties
Ch. 26. Reinstating the 18th Dynasty – Introduction
Ch. 27. Reinstating the 18th Dynasty - Ahmose to Hatshepsut
Ch. 28. Reinstating the 18th Dynasty - Thutmose III to Amenhotep II
Ch. 29. Reinstating the 18th Dynasty - Thutmose IV to Tutankhamun
Ch. 30. Reinstating the 18th Dynasty - Tutankhamun to Horemheb
Ch. 31. Redating the 19th Dynasty
Ch. 32. Correlating Egypt and Israel, Manetho and Moses
Ch. 33. Positioning the 20th Dynasty
205
227
247
255
267
283
309
327
335
347
353
359
367
383
395
413
421
439
451
The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings, M. Christine Tetley
ii
Ch. 34. Revising the 21st Dynasty Once More
Ch. 35. Looking at Other Reconstructions of the 22nd to 25th Dynasties
Ch. 36. Framing the 22nd Dynasty
Ch. 37. Finishing the 22nd Dynasty
Ch. 38. Restoring the 23rd Dynasty
Ch. 39. Finalizing the 24th and 25th Dynasties
465
483
511
545
563
583
Author’s Preface
iii
Author’s Preface
A military confrontation in the Middle East occurred about 3000 years ago in the
5th year of Judah’s King Rehoboam and the 20th year of Egypt’s King Shoshenq I.
Though the campaign was recorded in the annals of both nations, agreement on the
actual year—which could anchor the chronologies of each—has not been established,
despite much effort over the last century.
Edwin Thiele, a Seventh Day Adventist teacher, authored The Mysterious
Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, which—in the absence of a credible alternative—for the
last 50 years has been a standard reference for dating reigns in the 1st and 2nd Books of
Kings in the Old Testament. But Thiele based his theories only on the Hebrew Masoretic
Text which only goes back to about 1000 CE. He dismissed the variant numbers
recorded in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Text, as it stood about
1200 years earlier, around 200 BCE. The Septuagint was widely accepted at the time of
Jesus Christ, was quoted in the New Testament, and was used to spread Christianity
through the early centuries of the Common Era (CE).
Thiele explained the “mysterious” numbers by invoking separate calendars for
Judah and Israel, and many co-regencies; which find no mention in the records. He
supported his theory by a continuous list of Assyrian Kings which remains unproven.
My Reconstructed Chronology of the Divided Kingdom published in 2005
considered all the biblical texts, and established that Rehoboam’s 5th year was 977 BCE,
52 years earlier than Thiele’s proposed date. But the date for Judah was only half of the
equation in the Rehoboam and Shoshenq I engagement. How did it fit with Egyptian
chronology?
During the last century the tempo and temperature in meetings and writings
between Egyptologists, scientists, and archaeologists has risen dramatically—all intent
on establishing the dates for Egyptian events. They have dealt with Ramesses II, the
Eruption of Thera on Santorini, which produced pumice used in some Egyptian
monuments, and many other themes. Inscriptions and evidence continues to emerge from
the sands of Egypt.
The Reconstructed Chronology of the Divided Kingdom established the Egyptian
chronology in part, confirming that Shoshenq I’s 20th year was 977 BCE. Now I present
the full chronology for the Egyptian Dynasties 1-25 anchored by the heliacal risings of
Sirius (Sothis) and lunar phases, which modern reconstructions can identify precisely. A
new understanding of Egyptian calendars is a critical feature of the reconstruction.
With the completion of this reconstructed chronology of the Egyptian kings, the
date of Rehoboam’s encounter with Shoshenq I is established by independent
chronologies of Israel/Judah (in The Reconstructed Chronology of the Divided
Kingdom), and of Egypt (herein). The date of 977 BCE in the total dynastic framework
of Egyptian chronology finally makes sense of all the evidence from inscriptions,
archaeological effort, and scientific research.
I wish to acknowledge the invaluable contribution of Dr. Lee W. Casperson in
accomplishing this project. In two JNES articles in the 1980s he employed astronomical
data to evaluate proposed dates for Thutmose III and Ramesses II—“The Lunar Dates of

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