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Program Authors
Dr. Jay K. Hackett
Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences
University of Northern Colorado
Greeley, CO
Dr. Dorothy J. T. Terman
Science Curriculum Development Consultant
Former K–12 Science and Mathematics Coordinator
Irvine Unified School District, CA
Irvine, CA
Dr. Richard H. Moyer
Professor of Science Education and
Natural Sciences
University of Michigan–Dearborn
Dearborn, MI
Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler
Executive Director
National Science Teachers Association
Bank Street College of Education
New York, NY
Dr. JoAnne Vasquez
Elementary Science Education Consultant
NSTA Past President
Member, National Science Board
and NASA Education Board
Contributing Authors
Dr. Sally Ride
Sally Ride Science
San Diego, CA
Mulugheta Teferi, M.A.
Principal, Gateway Middle School
Center of Math, Science, and Technology
St. Louis Public Schools
St. Louis, MO
Lucille Villegas Barrera, M.Ed.
Elementary Science Supervisor
Houston Independent School District
Houston, TX
Dinah Zike, M.Ed.
Dinah Might Adventures LP
San Antonio, TX
American Museum
of Natural History
New York, NY
Kathryn LeRoy, M.S.
Executive Director
Division of Mathematics and Science Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools, FL
Miami, FL
Contributing Writer
Ellen Grace
Albuquerque, NM
Students with print disabilities may be eligible to obtain an accessible, audio version of the pupil edition of this
textbook. Please call Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic at 1-800-221-4792 for complete information.
A
Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121.
Copyright © 2008 by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage
or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
is a trademark of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN-13: 978-0-02-284139-3/6
ISBN-10: 0-02-284139-3/6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (027/043) 10 09 08 07 06
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Content Consultants
Paul R. Haberstroh, Ph.D.
Mohave Community College
Lake Havasu City, AZ
Editorial Advisory Board
Deborah T. Boros, M.A.
President, Society of Elementary
Presidential Awardees
Second-Grade Teacher
Mississippi Elementary
Coon Rapids, MN
Jean Kugler
Gaywood Elementary School
Prince Georges County Public
Schools
Lanham, MD
Timothy Long
School of Earth and Atmospheric
Sciences
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA
Bill Metz, Ph.D.
Science Education Consultant
Fort Washington, PA
Lorraine Conrad
K–12 Coordinator of Science
Richland County School District #2
Columbia, SC
Rick MacPherson, Ph.D.
Program Director
The Coral Reef Alliance
San Francisco, CA
Karen Stratton
Science Coordinator K–12
Lexington District One
Lexington, SC
Kitty Farnell
Science/Health/PE Coordinator
School District 5 of Lexington
and Richland Counties
Ballentine, SC
Hector Córdova Mireles, Ph.D.
Physics Department
California State
Polytechnic University
Pomona, CA
Emma Walton, Ph.D.
Science Education Consultant
NSTA Past President
Anchorage, AK
Kathy Grimes, Ph.D.
Science Specialist
Las Vegas, NV
Debbie Wickerham
Teacher
Findlay City Schools
Findlay, OH
Charlotte A. Otto, Ph.D.
Department of Natural Sciences
University of Michigan-Dearborn
Dearborn, MI
Richard Hogen
Fourth-Grade Teacher
Rudy Bologna Elementary School
Chandler, AZ
Paul Zitzewitz, Ph.D.
Department of Natural Sciences
University of Michigan-Dearborn
Dearborn, MI
Kathy Horstmeyer
Educational Consultant
Past President, Society of
Presidential Awardees
Past Preschool/Elementary NSTA
Director
Carefree, AZ and Chester, CT
The American Museum of Natural History in New York City is one of the world’s preeminent scientific, educational, and
cultural institutions, with a global mission to explore and interpret human cultures and the natural world through scientific
research, education, and exhibitions. Each year the Museum welcomes around four million visitors, including 500,000
schoolchildren in organized field trips. It provides professional development activities for thousands of teachers; hundreds of
public programs that serve audiences ranging from preschoolers to seniors; and an array of learning and teaching resources for use in homes,
schools, and community-based settings. Visit www.amnh.org for online resources.
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The Scientific Method
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Explore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
What do scientists do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Forming a Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
How do scientists test their hypothesis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Testing a Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
How do scientists analyze data? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Analyzing the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
How do scientists draw conclusions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Drawing Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
Focus on Skills
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Students make
measurements
and record data.
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